Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Ibn Sinna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ibn Sinna - Essay Example Ibn Sina’s preeminent work incorporates the grand Al Qanun, the Canon and Kitab-al-Shifa (The Book of Healing). The Canon talks about clinical totally so as to order all the current clinical knowledge. While, Kitab-al-Shifa being a philosophical reference book, covers gigantic subject matters from theory to science. The Sheik al-Ra’is Sharaf al-Mulk Abu Ali al-Husayn Abd Allah al-Hasan Ali Ibn Sina, by and large known as Avicenna, is among the most celebrated and unique Muslim rationalists throughout the entire existence of reasoning (Al Naqib, 1993). He is the genuine maker of an academic framework in the Islamic world and is depicted as the pioneer of Islamic way of thinking. The most acclaimed works of Avicenna are on theory and medication. His philosophical dreams have fascinated the enthusiasm of Western masterminds over various hundreds of years, and his works have been among the most noteworthy sources in reasoning. His other significant commitments were in the fields of mysticism, verse, creature physiology, minerals, talk, and mechanics of solids, Arabic linguistic structure and meteorology (Ahmed, 1990). Ibn Sina birth occurred in the town of Afshana in the encompassing territories of Bukhara, presently known as in Uzbekistan, in 980 AD (370 AH) in an Islamic family intrigued by scholarly sciences and theory which end up being very powerful later in his life (Al Naqib, 1993). His initial tutoring was done in Bukhara and got learned in the investigation of the Quran and different sciences by the period of ten. His instructor, Abu Abdallah Natili, an eminent logician, showed him rationale and numerous different subjects (Ahmed, 1990). Besides, he started perusing reasoning by contemplating various Greek, Muslim and different books identified with this subject. He achieved a level of skill in medication at a youthful age because of which he increased gigantic notoriety. Subsequent to restoring the King of Bukhara, Nooh Ibn Mansoor, at 17 years old, he was

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Satire in How to Poison the Earth Essay -- Linnea Saukko

â€Å"How to harm the earth† by Linnea Saukko can be found in two unique viewpoints. The first would be by taking a gander at it in an exacting manner, in which it will make it a cruel, insensitive and cold content. Then again, it could be viewed as a parody, wry and unexpected content in which Saukko hopes to get the reader’s consideration. Saukko overstates the mockery, and parody in her writing so as to cause the perusers to acknowledge and comprehend the fundamental reason for her exposition, which is to caution perusers about dangers to the fate of our planet. Logical terms are utilized regularly all through the content, yet are trailed by clarifications in a reasonable manner, subsequently it makes it more clear and progressively justifiable to the peruser. For instance, she is expounding on substances and their qualities, one of them is a bizarre term called â€Å"half-life†, trailed by a clarification in an enclosure with a more clear clarification of the term. That way, it very well may be comprehended by the overall population. The composing is straight forward and it’s missing of representations and comparisons. It is more an enlightening perusing instead of graphic, consequently it is inadequate with regards to subtleties and descriptors. Saukko begins by calling attention to snidely how troublesome contaminating the earth can be. A short time later, she begins posting productive strategies on debasing the world, for example, â€Å"generating however much waste as could reasonably be expected from substances† (Saukko, 246), or fabricating progressively atomic plants. Toward the start, it may be stunning to the peruser the methodology she is taking to come to her meaningful conclusion. As it were, the perusers probably won't comprehend why she has such a negative demeanor and contempt against the world. The control, misrepresentation, and the wor... ...d for the overall population so as to bring social mindfulness up in forestalling dirtying the world. It is essential to raise social mindfulness on subjects of this nature since it is influencing our reality. It is essential to consider it as each individual issue and concern as opposed to consider it to be an outer issue. Saukko picked a totally different methodology and strategy to get into people’s mind. Typically, creators that need to call attention to and raise social mindfulness on issues of this nature, will in general be immediate and clear about it. Be that as it may, Saukko has taken it to the following level by moving toward the perusers in a one of a kind way that will get a greater amount of their consideration and ideally move their feelings on the subject. Works Cited Saukko , Linnea.â€Å"How to Poison the Earth.†The Brief Bedford Reader. Bedford/St.Martin’s Boston: ninth version ,2006.246-247.

Wednesday, August 19, 2020

Schizoaffective Disorder Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

Schizoaffective Disorder Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment Schizophrenia Print An Overview of Schizoaffective Disorder Understanding the Cross Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 02, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 19, 2020 Verywell / JR Bee More in Disorders Schizophrenia Addiction ADHD Eating Disorders Social Anxiety Disorder Bipolar Disorder BPD Depression OCD GAD Panic Disorder PTSD View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Complications Causes Diagnosis Treatment When to Get Help View All Back To Top Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health disorder that combines symptoms of psychosis (e.g., hallucinations and delusions) with symptoms of mood disorders (e.g., mania and/or depression). Depending on what type of mood symptoms are present, it is diagnosed as either bipolar type or depressive type. The prevalence of schizoaffective disorder in the population is believed to be less than 1 percent, which is less than for schizophrenia  or mood disorders. Research suggests that women are slightly more prone while men tend to develop the disorder at a younger age. It is usually first diagnosed between age 16 and 30 and is rare in children. Individuals with the disorder tend to have periods of improvement followed by periods of worsening of symptoms. Whether you have been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder or are worried that someone you know may have this disorder or has been recently diagnosed, it is important to understand the common symptoms, how a diagnosis is made, and how treatment can help to reduce symptoms and improve functioning in daily life. Symptoms Symptoms of schizoaffective disorder tend to be severe and vary for each individual. They can be broadly categorized into those that fall under depressive symptoms, manic symptoms, and schizophrenia symptoms. Those with bipolar type will experience cycling of depressive and manic symptoms, while those with the depressive type will only experience the depressive symptoms Depressive Symptoms Psychological: Sadness, worthlessness, hopelessness, restlessness, lack of energy, loss of interest in usual activities, trouble concentrating, guilt, self-blame, thoughts of death or suicidePhysical: Poor appetite, weight loss or gain, sleeping too much or too little, Mania Psychological: Risky or self-destructive behavior (e.g., spending sprees, reckless driving, risky sexual practices), euphoria, irritable mood, racing thoughts, grandiose, easily distractedPhysical: Increased energy and/or more active than usual (e.g., at work, socially, sexually), talking more or faster than unusual, reduced need for sleep Psychotic Symptoms Psychological: Paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, impaired communication, lacking emotion in facial expressions and speech (negative symptoms), low motivation (avolition)Physical: slow movements or no movement (catatonia), poor personal hygiene While the psychotic symptoms listed above describe how schizoaffective disorder appears  to an outsider, it is also helpful to learn what these symptoms feel  like to a person with the disorder. Disorganized Thinking If you are experiencing disorganized thinking, you may feel like your thoughts are fuzzy or everything feels disconnected. When you speak, you may not be able to remember what you were talking about, so its hard for people to follow what you say. You may also feel like your thoughts are not within your control. Thinking You Are Being Controlled You may think you are being controlled by outside forces like aliens, God, or the devil. You may feel someone is inserting thoughts into your head or that your thoughts are being removed. You might also feel like others can hear your thoughts or access them. Hallucinations You may hear one or more voices that sound real and seem to come from outside you but that nobody else can hear. You might start to talk to them or do things that they tell you to do. In fact, these voices are created by your brain and are not real.   Delusions Delusions are things you believe 100 percent to be true but that are not thought to be real by everyone else. They may begin all of a sudden or form over time. Sometimes they are related to the voices that you hear and seem to explain them in some way. Most often delusions are paranoid, such that you think people are plotting against you or spying on you. You might choose to avoid those people as it can feel very scary. Suicidal Ideation and Prevention Suicidal ideation and behavior can also be a problem for some people with schizoaffective disorder. If someone you know is in danger of attempting suicide or harming another person, stay with that person while you call 911 or your local emergency number. The other alternative is to take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room if you believe that you can do so safely. If you live with schizoaffective disorder and are having thoughts of suicide, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255. Complications There are a number of potential complications of having schizoaffective disorder, including: Social isolationInterpersonal conflictsUnemploymentPovertyHomelessnessHealth problemsTrouble adhering to treatmentImpaired academic and occupational functioningSuicidal thoughts and attempts Causes We dont know precisely what causes schizoaffective disorder. However, it is proposed that it can result  from a combination of risk factors that affect brain development prenatally and throughout childhood and adolescence. This includes: GeneticsBrain chemistry and structureLife stressors (death in family, loss of job, end of marriage)Psychoactive or psychotropic drug use (e.g., LSD)Viral infections including while in the wombBirth defects Related Conditions Persons with schizoaffective disorder may also live with overlapping disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, and substance and alcohol abuse. A co-occurring disorder can exacerbate the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder and make a person less likely to follow his or her treatment plan. This is why proper diagnosis and integrated treatment is essential when it comes to managing and coping with a dual diagnosis. Schizoaffective disorder is often confused with other mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. These are two distinct disorders, however, each with  its own diagnostic criteria and treatment. While they do share many symptoms, the main difference is that there is a prominent mood component with schizoaffective disorder. The Difference Between Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Diagnosis Schizoaffective disorder overlaps with other conditions so it can be difficult to diagnose. Sometimes, it is incorrectly diagnosed as simply bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, which is why it is important for your mental health professional to have a full history of your symptoms prior to making a diagnosis. The first step in diagnosing schizoaffective disorder is conducting a physical exam to rule out any potential causes, including a seizure disorder or drug or medication use. Depending on the suspected diagnosis, you may undergo blood testing and brain imaging. Next, your psychiatrist or psychologist will conduct a clinical interview to determine whether your symptoms meet the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This includes a period of major mood disorder (depression or mania) and at least two of the following schizophrenia symptoms: DelusionsHallucinationsDisorganizationNegative symptoms In addition, you must have had delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks in the absence of a mood episode. The mood symptoms must also be present for most of the duration of your illness. Are You Experiencing Negative Psychotic Symptoms? Treatment Treatment for schizoaffective disorder can help you to live a more fulfilling life. Treatment may come in the form of medication, therapy, or hospitalization, depending on your particular symptoms. Medication Medications such as mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium), antipsychotics (e.g., paliperidone), and antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine) may be prescribed for schizoaffective disorder. Taking antipsychotic medication will help you to feel calmer as hallucinations and delusions will be reduced. Its important to continue taking medication even if you feel well, as these medications help to stabilize your symptoms and prevent a recurrence of them. Most often, people with schizoaffective disorder need to take medication for the rest of their lives. Therapy Therapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, group therapy, or skills training may be used to treat schizoaffective disorder. During therapy, you may learn about your illness, set goals, determine how to manage daily issues, and develop skills to interact with others, find a job, manage your finances and home, and manage your personal grooming. If your family attends therapy with you, they will learn how best to support you with your symptoms. In this way, therapy can help you to better self-manage your illness. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Hospitalization In the event of a psychotic episode, suicidal ideation, or threats to others, you may need to be hospitalized. There is, unfortunately, no cure for schizoaffective disorder and long-term treatment and management is required. However, medication and therapy can help to reduce relapse and disruption to your life and the lives of those around you. This is why it is important to keep in contact with your doctor or psychiatrist to ensure that your treatment regimen is optimal. When to Get Help If someone you know is displaying symptoms of schizoaffective disorder, it can be hard to know how to help. While you can try to talk to your friend or relative, you also cant force him or her to seek treatment. Instead, try offering encouragement and practical  advice such as looking up numbers of doctors to call or investigating avenues to receive treatment in the community. In addition, persons with this disorder may be disconnected from reality. In the event that the person is struggling with basic necessities of life such as food and shelter, or there are imminent safety concerns, you can call 911 and ask to have that person evaluated for treatment. A Word From Verywell If you have been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, it is important to learn to notice when your symptoms are worsening and that you may be entering another episode. Not being able to sleep or feelings of paranoia may be one signal that this is happening. In the event you notice symptoms increasing, it is important to reach out for help as soon as possible from your doctor or other mental health professional.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Early History Of America - 892 Words

American History to 1877 Last Name First Name Date The early history of America begins with the journey of Christopher Columbus in 1492, when he first discovered the lands of America along with the residing few Native people. These indigenous American Indians were a vital component of the society of the United States. Soon after 1600, the colonial culture began to start with the arrival of the European colonists from England, Spain, and France. The Spanish established their settlements in Florida, while French established themselves along the Mississippi River. Around 1770, there were about thirteen colonies established by the British people, which contained about two and a half million people. The British dominated the U.S. territories during the earlier days, since they were successful in driving the French out of North America . The 13 colonies that were formed united in a Congress, which led to armed conflict in 1775, and subsequently in 1776, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. He mentioned that, all men in these territories are equal, and thus, he found a new nation, the United States of America. George Washington had won the Revolutionary war through large-scale military and financial support from France, and this resulted into the peace treaty of 1783, which gave the nation most of the land that was in the east of the Mississippi River. There was a convention called in Philadelphia in 1787, forShow MoreRelatedHistory of Early America Essay797 Words   |  4 Pageschosen to help four other men write the Declaration of Independents. Thomas Jefferson was involved in things such as; law, and politics. He also was a statesman. He was elected Vice President under John Adams, which made him be the second in the history of the United States, in the year of 1797. He served as Vice President from 1797 to 1801. When Jefferson was elected President, he was only 57 year old. He was elected in 1801 right after being the Vice President. In 1802, Thomas Jefferson sent JamesRead MoreEarly History Of America By Robert Lloyd Garrison And The Struggle Against Slavery998 Words   |  4 Pages Early History of America It draws the global attention to the extend and the achievements of America concerning the major issues of development. However, it must be noted that the history of achievement takes its form of complexity that features the details and characters involved in the immediate past, as well as the ones who determined the current status of America. In the process, major issues like slavery, revolution and settlement served as major drawbacks that hampered development within theRead MoreAmerican History : The Eyes Of A Woman1171 Words   |  5 Pagesshapes our world today, let alone early America. In high school history classes, the history we studied always seemed to revolve around men and women were never really discussed. I had the notion that women just took a back seat throughout history, when in reality, they played an integral part in shaping early America. The role of gender transformed our country throughout the centuries. When we place women at the center of our analysis of early America, we see history from a fuller, more accurateRead MoreNative Americans And American History Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesthe main course of American history† (Axtell 981). But James Axtell, the author of Colonial America without the Indians: Counterfactual Reflections, would beg to differ. He says that instead, Indians played a key role in making America great. James Murray gives another term to describe America’s greatness: America’s â€Å"exceptionalism.† Throughout his article Axtell makes many points as to why Indians played a vital role in â€Å"American Exceptionalism†. He even says that America wouldn’t have been colonizedRead MoreRace, By John Davidson892 Words   |  4 Pagesconstantly in many sources and evidence of the past. This has led many historians to merely regard race as another mode of explanation, which is the case for studying race in Latin America. One historian, John Davidson (like a few others) are somewhat doubtful about the concept of race. He like many others fears that it is way too clumsy to describe as well as too complex. Many historians do not like using concepts that are fabricated. As Davidson says â€Å"race exists as a socially constructed realityRead MoreColonial American Slavery Essay examples1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of slavery in the development of early America is an extremely complex, yet vitally important part of American History. There are hundreds of thousands of documents, debates, and historical studies available today. According to Ms. Goetz, the assistant professor of history at Rice University, who states, in The Southern Journal of History, that in addition to geographic and chronological diversity in the America’s, assessment of experiences of colonial slaves is extremely complex, â€Å"especiallyRead MoreThe North End Of Boston1317 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants were though t to be the problem. That is why Danny in the novel is set to investigate the North End of Boston as the waves of Italian immigrants were seens as some of the main terrorists. This was also true in reality. In the early nineteen twenties there is the infamous trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. These two men were reported of killing employees of a shoe factory. They were in fact both Italian Immigrants and socialist. The fact they were socialists created a strongRead MoreOrder 1466 US Domestic Issues And The World Late 19th Early 20th Century744 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: US domestic issues and the world (late 19th-early 20th century) Introduction America has a very rich history when it comes to domestic policies, socioeconomic conditions and culture. The domestic policies, socioeconomics conditions and culture affect all aspect of American peoples’ lives. They shape and define the people identity. However, as world progressed these factors of life began to change taking the modernity culture and some of them began taking differentRead MoreA Study Of Latin American History1308 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Many often consider the study of Latin American history or subjects like race to show that Much of Latin American historical studies are comparative. Many of the Latin American countries have their own history but share similar cultural conductions concerning race. The history of race relations in Latin America has become a central theme in a fair amount of scholarly activities. This in turn has made the historiography of Latin America to become much more relevant when looking at race aroundRead MoreAp Us Questions1624 Words   |  7 PagesAP US HISTORY Summer Assignment Francis Lewis HS 1. What distinguished the American Revolution from others? The American Revolution was different from all other revolutions because it was the first successful attempt that established a government. Another thing that distinguished this revolution from the others is that it did not occur from within. 2. Why does Ellis think this is significant? Ellis thinks that the distinguishing factors are significant because the American Revolution

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The Character of Chris McCandless in Jon Krakauer’s, Into...

The appeal of being a coward is the opposite of being an adventurous, free-spirited young man; both behaviors contradict each other. Nevertheless, an individual with both characteristics can be identified in Jon Krakauer’s, Into the Wild. Christopher McCandless has a sublime life, until he decides to abandon his standard of living and isolate himself in order to endure a risky life-taking adventure. One may consider McCandless as an adventurer for challenging himself and living off the land, but still others consider him to be a coward for turning his back on his problems. McCandless’ actions cannot be characterized to one specific behavior, due to the fact that throughout his journey he is a well-rounded character. The relationship†¦show more content†¦Nor could anyone in his family have foreseen that a chance discovery during this initial journey would ultimately turn him inward and away, drawing Chris and those who loved him into a morass of anger, misunderstanding, and sorrow.† (116) Instead of trying to work out issues with his family, McCandless turns the other way and leaves his problems behind. He leaves his parents feeling remorseful about not spending enough time with him when he was younger. It is undeserved for a parent to have to live everyday feeling regretful due to their son’s faint-hearted negligence. His decision to completely leave his family without a word is not right, hence him being a coward. While being a cowardly individual, McCandless was also adventurous. He did not abandon his lifestyle solely to hurt his family, but to reconnoiter himself within, â€Å"McCandless [goes] into the wilderness not primarily to ponder nature or the world at large, but rather, to explore the inner country of his own soul.† (183) As a result of his admiration towards Henry David Thoreau, McCandless pursues wildlife from a diverse perspective than other individuals of his generation. By finding enough confidence in himself and nature, he prepares himself by means of only carrying nature books and an inadequate quantity of nourishment, mainly rice. He doesShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Foolishness In Into The Wild866 Words   |  4 PagesJon Krakauer glorifies Chris McCandless in his book, Into The Wild which puts rose tinted glasses on the reader, they don’t get the full story. Examples of Krakauer bias would be that he mentions other stories of people who have a similar experie nce to Chris. Foolish men whose foolishness lead to their demise in the wild. But Krakauer says that Chris was similar to them but different. His reasoning for their difference is due to Chris being well †¦ Chris. The real reason that Chris is different thanRead MoreUse of Literary Techniques in Into The Wild, by John Krakauer1073 Words   |  5 Pagesthat led to his eventual demise and truthfully telling the somber story of Christopher McCandless. Krakauer enhances the story by using irony to establish Chris’s unique personality. The author also uses Characterization the give details about Chris’s lifestyle and his choices that affect his journey. Another literary element Krakauer uses is theme. The many themes in the story attract a diverse audience. Krakauer’s telling is world famous for being the truest, and most heart-felt account of ChristopherRead MoreLabeling of McCandless in Jon Krakauers Into the Wild Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthey believe is sacred. Jon Krakauer wrote the book, Into the wild, to express his thoughts about his disapproval on what several people assume about Christopher McCandless, the main character. This people label McCandless stupid for leaving to Alaska without the vital equipment. To prove that he is not â€Å"stupid† for doing this he used appeal to pathos, appeal to logos and appeal to ethos. By comparing Krakauer’s own life experiences and other peoples too to McCandless, he gave a little perspectiveRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1349 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Wild by Jon Krakauer is a true story about Chris McCandless who is found dead in the Alaskan wild during September 1992. After discovering that his father had a secret secondary family when Chris was young, Chris pushes away his friends and family and eventually isolates himself. He obtains $25,000 from his parents by lying about attending law school and drives away from home, deserting his real name. He later leaves his car in Georgia after an engine breakdown due to rain damage. Chris goesRead MoreUse of Literary Techniques by Jon Krakauer When Writing Into the Wild1585 Words   |  7 Pages In the novel â€Å"Into the Wild† by Jon Krakauer, Krakauer tells the story of a Chris McCandless through different points of view perceived from people close to him. Despite the fact the Krakauer did no t personally know Chris McCandless, Krakauer uses opinions from himself and others to help conclude meaning and impact behindMcCandless’s journey. Krakauer introduces events in the story in an order such that it also introduces the significance behind them. These techniques help the reader conclude theRead MoreAnalysis Of Jon Krakauers Into The Wild778 Words   |  4 Pagesshe wonders about a certain purpose in life. In extreme cases, when a person attempts to find ones self, he or she may find his or herself in a dangerous or even deadly position. In Jon Krakauers Into the Wild, Chris McCandless goes out into the wilderness of Alaska to find himself, but he never returns. Jon Krakauer organizes his novel in a circular way, which ties the story together well, and he uses long, periodic sentences to detail and emphasize his points about life and death situationsRead MoreEssay On Chris Mccandless1092 Words   |  5 PagesChris McCandless, the subject of Jon Krakauers "Into The Wild,† whose off-the-grid Alaskan adventure ended in starvation is a hero and an idealist whose sense of independence and adventure inspires us to reach for our dreams. McCandless was a courageous man. He wanted to live a life that was completely different than the one his parents lead. And wanted to submerge himself in the world that we live in and be sequestered from people who take it for granted. However, most students see McCandless asRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1856 Words   |  8 PagesInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer 1. Who was the most compelling character? Why? What conflicts did this character face? How did the author develop this character? Include one or two supporting quotations with page number or e-book location cited in parentheses after the quotation. Jon Krakauer’s odyssey Into the Wild follows Christopher McCandless through his last year of his life traversing the North American frontier. As a biography based on McCandless’ journals and interviews, much of the detailsRead MoreChris Mccandless s Into The Wild3734 Words   |  15 PagesNovember 23, 2014 Into The Wild Themes Jon Krakauer’s Into The Wild chronicles the journeys and events leading up to the death of a young man named Chris McCandless. Chris was a vagabond who traded friends and family in exchange for adventure, but ultimately wound up dead in the Alaskan wilderness. Within this recollection readers can discover various themes. Primarily, the subjects of materialism, ultimate freedom, and even man vs. nature all recur in this text. Materialism refers to the desireRead MoreInto the Wild Paper1504 Words   |  7 PagesLeisure, amp; Play April 13, 2011 How Krakauer Balances his Bias? Jon Krakauer s non-fiction novel  Into the Wild  explores the mystery surrounding Christopher McCandless and his life before he inevitably ran off  into the heart of the Alaskan wilderness in an attempt to discover himself in some manner.  In order to tell this story as accurately as possible, Krakauer uses a variety of techniques to give different perspectives to Chris’ life. The most prominent decision Krakauer makes though is in regards

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Management development review notes Free Essays

To manage Is to forecast and plan, to command, to co-ordinate and to control Management Is a social process which consists of planning, control, co-ordination and motivation Kenton online 1976 – Managing Is an operation process Minimally best dissected by analyzing the managerial functions. The essential managerial functions are planning, organizing, staffing, directing and leading, controlling. Classical School Payola’s 14 principles of management – many still true but was very structural and paternalistic. We will write a custom essay sample on Management development review notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scientific Management FEW Taylor 1911 – the principles of scientific management. Breaking the job down into movements and timing how long it took. Criticized for turning workers into automatons. Concept of Bureaucracy Max Weber 1947 – The theory of social and economic organizations – describes the bureaucratic organization A bureaucracy is based on rational-legal authority which arises out of the office or position of the person in authority. Weber believed that bureaucracy Is the most efficient means of organizing for the achievement of formal goals. Elton Mayo 1927-1936 Hawthorn Studies/experiments – social relations at work are as Important as monetary Incentives and good physical working conditions Human Relations School. How to cite Management development review notes, Essays

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The Would Be Gentleman Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Would Be Gentleman Essay, Research Paper When one is sing socio-economic mobility there are many factors that they must see anterior to get downing the passage. First and first, what country of high position are they interested in? Hollywood is one option, as is Wall Street and the universe of Switzerland skiers. This determination is most of import because frequently, different groups emphasis seperate qualities in an acceptable individual. In general, one should hold extended lessons in golf, tennis, hunting, equestrian, and Polos so that it may look as if they had played these athleticss for old ages. I suggest these athleticss because these are frequently done by the high category, and used as a societal or concern environment in which one can farther shmoose. In add-on I would propose a rank to a state nine, a perfect scene for these athleticss and interaction with the coveted category members. One should besides be educated in the Fieldss of concern and political relations as these are subjects frequently discussed, particularly by the work forces of position. We will write a custom essay sample on The Would Be Gentleman Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Womans may besides desire to include an instruction in doctrine and the humanistic disciplines. If you are genuinely a member of society, you must be able to lift to the subject of the minute with assurance and competence. Philanthropy is a fantastic manner to asseverate your worth. Persons love befriend those who have money, and you will look even better should your generous contribution be make anonymously but somehow it? by chance? came out. Lending to certain humanistic disciplines, plans , or schools can by you many powerful Alliess. A extremely respected concert dance company or Ivy League college is perfect illustrations of this. Bing stylish is a must in the upper societal strata. Not merely does it demo that you can afford to be with the times, but that being a manner home base and cognizing interior decorators is of import to you. This frequently includes buying from Gucci, Hermes, Chanel, Christian Dior, Anna Sui, and Todd Oldham for illustration. Making the occasional visual aspect to a manner show is frequently smart, every bit good as holding yourself in high manner and manner magazines. One most of import subject you must be pinpoint accurate on in the lifestyle wonts of those with which you hope to go a portion of. What sort of autos do they prefer, the vicinities they live in, schools in which they send their kids, where do they summer and winter at? These are all valid inquiries and can frequently be tell tale marks of one? s position. Even one? s address can be a give away of your true category. Particularly in European states, 1s dialect and speech pattern is and immediate give off as to where they were raised every bit good as educational degree. All of these educational thoughts are an of import facet of interrupting unto the upper societal strata of the universe. However, as I stated earlier, one must besides be sensitive to the specific country of position one is seeking to infiltrate. We must retrieve that cultural relativism is applicable as much between socio-economic positions as it is in differing states.

Tuesday, March 31, 2020

Weakness Associated with Gm free essay sample

Manufacturing capacity problem. Product strategy begins with a strategic vision that states where a company wants to go, how it will get there, and why it will be successful (McGrath, 2001) Manufacturing problem General motors’ weakness can be seen as they are not fully utilizing their manufacturing plants. Manufacturing plants that are not operating at full capacity is taking tow on the business, especially in high-cost manufacturing countries. . This show that general motors’ isn’t planning about the future of that product and producing overwhelming of product that may contribute to loses in the company. There is no future planning and a cause loses in the manufacturing sector. Further evidence of the importance of quality is provided in Demings famous Fourteen Points, stating that management must adopt a new quality philosophy that create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service (Russell, Gregory R, 1998) Poor Product Quality General motors’ product weakness can be seen as product that is a certain point general motors’ has been criticized for launching numerous new models under different brand and at the same time ditching them if they are not proven to be a stellar success , creating huge levels of product churn. We will write a custom essay sample on Weakness Associated with Gm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company takes 34 hours to built a typical GM car, while the others competitor such as Toyota it take 28 hours. The company has only recently focused on harmonizing production, and sharing parts and car platforms . The result of falling sales, GM has closed several plants, which is incurring the wrath of its unions This is a mistake that general motors’ did because they have to spent a certain amount and require substantial investment in the new models cars that has been launch. General motors’ is facing trouble clearing new models that accumulating in an alarmingly rate. Compare with other developer they frequently update their product with latest technology and revamp their subtle stylistic change. Another mistake that general motors’ made is they launch newer product and put emphasis on that newer models in the market and neglecting other product that is accumulating in a rapid rate. â€Å"It is not necessary to change. Survival is not mandatory† (W. Edwards Deming, n. d). Segmentation Segmentation is essentially the identification of subsets of buyers within a market that share similar needs and demonstrate similar buyer behavior. Segmentation is another problem. Even though they have 10 main automotive brands, they over-relied on American market. They used eight different car brands while in Europe it sells only three brands. To be an international well-known brand, they should have segmented their products internationally not only focusing on particular part. This is why GM could not even make itself into top 100 brand. (Interbrand, 2010). This means GM failed to get high reputation world-wide. General motor’s focus on churning out large sports utility vechiles(SUV’s) diverting their attention from normal saloon cars. This product yielded higher margin. But the company biggest mistake was they lost sight of developing a solid saloon car range, whereas foreign competitors developed strong reputation in this sector. A downturn in this product when the oil price raises and the product of the SUV drops. Gasoline used to be essentially the same nationwide, but there are many different flavors of gas sold now, in some cases for specific counties. Generally this seems to cause the price of gas to be higher in and around big cities. Of these many uses of oil in industry and commercial transportation, gasoline demand among ordinary consumers may be the least sensitive to price. That is why the relatively invariable demand of motorists cannot possibly account for the wide cyclical variations we observe in crude prices. Its the other 60 percent of the barrel that matters most, at the margin. ( Alan Reynolds,2005)

Saturday, March 7, 2020

dual labor market essays

dual labor market essays Even with all the gains women have made on the job market, they will always be a step behind there fellow male coworkers. Women have made significant gains with their numbers in the workforce, but they still fall behind in the their average wages made. There a many major factors for this, but they are all brought about by the dual labor market. Women cannot compete with men on the job market because they do not belong to the same market. It is the belief that an executives secretary should not be making the same amount as the executive. It is felt that because women work jobs that have less impact, that they obviously should be paid less money. It was cited in class that women have begun on a whole to catch up to men in there average wages, now making roughly seventy eight percent of there male counterparts. But this statistic does not break down the actual numbers. When that is done a new truth is brought to light and that is that women have only caught up to men because the men have simply been forced into lower paid jobs. Women are continually given less pay because there are different qualifications for women than men on the job market. As Professor Stokes said, when a man has a picture of his family on his desk he is viewed as a stable man, when a women has a picture on her desk, she is viewed as putting her family first. It is fairly difficult to put women in the same job market as men with thought patterns like that are still around. And because of that women are constantly finding themselves working in a very limited number of jobs. I believe that the crowding theory is a very important factor to why women are having difficulties catching up in the job market. Because women are so clustered in so few jobs, i.e. nursing, sales, receptionist, they are in a sense driving their own wages down. Employers see such an abundance of women available for those jobs there is no need to attract women to them with high wages. But i ...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

International Sustainable Tourism Management Essay

International Sustainable Tourism Management - Essay Example In the vast tourism literature, community based tourism is defined in two broad ways. The first description focuses on community involvement with the affected community in the mapping of tourism industry as a land use, and the resultant enlargement of the tourism venture, in an effort to create a lasting relationship between clients and service providers. The second description focuses on development of a community through tourism. The world is ever changing and so are the tourism destinations and markets. The important of tourism monitoring cannot therefore be overemphasized right from the project level to the country level for effective evaluation and managing these changes in tourism. According to Hall (2008), monitoring in community bases tourism helps to alleviate the understanding of the contribution the tourism industry makes in regard to the sustainability objectives of the community as well as the general impacts of tourism on the community. In additions, community monitorin g is vital in an effort of identifying areas in which changes are taking place and where improvements may be needed in the tourism sector. This makes management and monitoring as both interdependent and interrelated under community-based tourism. Due to the fact that tourism is an industry that is highly completive, the projects of community-based tourism ought to keep careful tabs like any other small business on their performance in every aspect. This means that the community should and in fact must have a swift reaction and understanding, that can enable them meet the needs of the customers, manage their internal operations, financial aspects, interpersonal relations as well as their ability to forge better and long term relations with various stakeholders and other external suppliers. Generally, monitoring is a term used to define the process of taking consistent measurements, using indicators to give a better understanding of the trends in performance and the current situation. It is worth mentioning that an indicator on the other hand is a tool used in evaluating and monitoring. The purpose of indicators is to help in simplifying the complex information by measuring and selecting a given element in the study as an indication or a lead to the position of a give issue at hand. Tourism indicators such as expenditure, arrival numbers, and length of stay have for a long time been used in an effort to monitor and evaluate performance of tourist destinations (Mowforth and Munt 2009). Conversely, indicators of sustainable tourism differ from those indicators of conventional tourism in terms of the linkage they create between issues of sustainability and tourism in the community. Community monitoring, therefore, entails a thoughtful piloting and selecting viable indicators, followed by collecting information and proper evaluation of that information for purposes of presenting and working on the outcomes. Although it is quite true that it could take some time to f ormulate a monitoring strategy, successful formulation of such strategy could result to a more effective and responsive to projects of community based tourism for sustainable tourism. There are a number of benefits that are associated with monitoring community-based tourism in relation to sustainable touris

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

History J2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History J2 - Essay Example ense moment of Christianity suppression process came in the year 1635 as a result of the 1635 edicts which forbid the Japanese from any affiliation with foreigners especially the foreign missionaries. The Japanese people were forced to denounce Christianity through either reward or punishment. The rewards included a high political role in the society while the punishment was basically death and intense torture (Laver, 2011). The 1635 edict demanded for all incoming ships to be investigated for Christian priests before entering Japan. A reward was offered if any high ranking priest was located and presented to the authorities. Foreign ships which brought goods to Japan were investigated of any Christian influence. The Japanese citizens were forbidden from leaving or entering the country after staying in overseas for a long time. The Japanese authorities were thorough in their investigation of traces of Christianity. All these steps were focused towards the complete suppression of Chri stianity. Trade was immensely affected by the 1635 edicts. The Japanese natives were refrained from buying directly goods from foreign ships. Goods that originated from foreign ships were bought directly from Nagasaki where Chinese merchants operated their businesses. All the Japanese currencies brought by foreign ships were distributed to local traders in cities. Direct trade between the Japanese traders and foreigners ended in 1636 when the departure date for foreign ships was set on the 20th day of the 29th month. This day was set by the Japanese trade authority and included in the 1635 edict (Laver, 2011). The Japanese shoguns were affected by the 1635 edict as they were forbidden from leaving the country and interacting with the communities that were overseas. The Japanese shoguns that had travelled overseas were forbidden from entering the country as they were thought to have acquired foreign influence which was basically loyal to Christianity and practiced the missionaries’

Monday, January 27, 2020

Evolution of Supply Chain Management

Evolution of Supply Chain Management Over the past 40 years, the traditional purchasing and logistics functions have evolved into a wider strategic approach to materials and distribution management known as SCM. This chapter will review the SCM evolution over the past decades and the factors that have influenced this evolution. 1.2 Supply chain management evolution After Second World War there was a high need to increase production, the most part of the world was suffering from hunger. The world entered in the Productivism era, most manufacturers gave priority to mass production to minimize unit production cost as the primary operations strategy. This was the first stage of the creation of economies of scale. However, these years 1950s and 1960s the concept of supply chain management was unknown. During these years new product development was slow and counted only in firms own technology and capacity. Inventory cushioned bottleneck operations in order to maintain a balanced line low, resulting in huge investment in work in process (WIP) inventory (Tan, 2001). Logistics cost were high as well. At a national level in the USA and UK, they accounted respectively for 15% and 16% of gross national product (Ballou 2007). Furthermore, issues concern with purchasing was neglected by managers at that time, since purchasing was considered as a service to production (Famer, 1997). As mentioned above increasing production was the main objective of this period, little emphasis was on cooperative and strategic buyer supplier partnership. According to Tan (2001), Sharing technology and expertise with customers or suppliers was considered too risky and unacceptable. Tan 2001 argues that, in the 1970s, managers become aware of the huge WIP on manufacturing cost, new product development, quality, and delivery time. One of the factors of this increased awareness was the introduction of Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP). The focus in this period changed; it is not just increase production through spreading the fixed cost to a bigger output (economies of scale), rather, to increase performance. The introduction of IT (MRP) in planning the resources of the firm proofs this. During the 1980s and 1990s, firms deal with increased demands for better, faster, cheaper logistical service. As a result, many manufacturers outsourced logistics activities and their focus transferred to core competencies (Daugherty, 2011). According to Daugherty (2011), the outside specialist presented an economically viable means of achieving productivity and efficiency. Therefore, many manufactures went more for a relationship oriented approach with their supplier and customer. They understood the benefits of cooperative relationship with the other firms in the different chain levels (Stank at al, 1999). Stank at al (1999), show in their paper some of the advantages and benefits that this cooperative relationship had: synergy gain through shared expertise and resources, better planning and support, exchange of information, and joint problem solving. Another reason that influenced the partnership between supplier buyer was the increased global competition (Tan, 2001). In the 1990s was the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), this gave a boost to the evolution of the SCM and buyer supplier relationship. Movahedi at al (2009) argues, while the previous IT resource planning systems (e.g. EDI Electronic Data Interchange) used by manufactures were concern mainly with inter organizational integration, ERP systems were mainly concern with intra organizational integration. The evolution continues in the 21st century with the development of more sophisticated IT systems (internet base solution systems) which are concerned for both inter-organizational integration and intra-organizational integration. Moreover, the relationship buyer supplier in this period have gone one-step forward, from normal partnership to long-term relationship and strategic alliances. Manufacturers and retailers now commonly exploit supplier strengths and technology in support of new product development, distribution channels, cost reduction etc (Morgan and Moncz ka, 1995). For example retailers like Tesco use supplier strengths and technology to make own label products which contribute to Tesco overall image. The latest trend of evolution in the supply chain management is the movement towards systems of supplier relations over national boundaries and into other continents (Movahedi at al, 2009). Global Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is the latest concept introduced to the literature of SCM. Now days firms are much bigger than they used to be. They have achieved economies of scale and with the establishment of trade liberalisation policies they are internationalising their businesses to find the lowest sources of inputs and growing markets to sell their products. The concept of SCM is not enough for being efficient and competitive in the new environment that is why new concept and management strategies (i.e. GSCM) are emerging. An Integrated supply chain gives considerable competitive advantage to the individual actors participating in the chain. Now days in the developed economies there is a switch from firm firm competition to chain chain competition (Koh at al, 2007). This last sentence describes best how the supply chain management has evolved over the past decade, by making the different actors in a chain to operate as one big entity. 1.3 Evolution stages of supply chain management By looking at the above evolution history, we can identify some turning points in the concept and philosophy of SCM. Some authors have segmented the evolution of supply chain management into stages (Movahedi at al, 2009; Ballou 2007 ). Movahedi at al, (2009) segmented SCM evolution into three stages: Creation era During the 1980s Integration era During 1990s and continued in the 21st Globalisation era Now days Creation era, starts (1980s) when the buyer supplier understand the benefits that a cooperative relationship offers. In this period we encounter for the first time the term supply chain management. Integration era starts (1990s) when the IT system EDI is replaced by ERP. ERP focus not only in managing the resources of the individual firm but also the resources of the integrated supply chain. Globalisation era, starts with the creation of the trade liberalisation policies and the establishment of institution such as World Trade Organization (WTO) and other international institutions that deal with global/regional trade policies. According to Ballou (2007) SCM is not new, it is a evolution of the purchasing and distribution function. The integration of these two functions has generated what we call SCM. Figure 1 shows the evolution of SCM as described by Ballow (2007). He has segmented the evolution of SCM into three stages. Activity fragmentation 1950s and 1960s Activity integration 1960s to 2000 Supply chain management 2000+ As we can see from the figure, in the first stage the activities (from purchasing row materials to finished product in the shelf of a retailer) are fragmented, there is no integration between them. As a result the cost of finished products (transportation cost, inventory cost etc) are high. In the second stage, there is some integration between the activities but still not fully integrated. The SCM 2000+ is the last stage where all the activities are fully integrated leading to cost reduction, shortening of the new product development process, better flow of information, improved cash flow, faster order fulfilment, improved shelf availability and last but not least increased customer satisfaction. From the SCM literature it comes out that customer satisfaction is one of the key driving factors of supply chain evolution. Figure 1 Supply Chain Evolution Source: Ballow (2007) 1.4 Factors that have affected SCM evolution

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees – Paper

Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees Employee absenteeism is one of the most common workplace problems facing employers in today’s workplace. Legitimate illnesses still account for the majority of employee absences, but some studies have shown that less than one-third of absences from the workplace are related to poor health. Most employers offer their workers vacation,  sick leave, paid time off, or other kinds of paid and unpaid  leave. A key to curbing abuse is to have an absenteeism policy that clearly sets forth which absences are allowed, and what behavior will subject the employee to  discipline.Absenteeism problems can range from employees not calling in or not showing up for their shifts, taking sick leave when well, and exhausting their available leave every month, to requesting extra time off and establishing patterns of abuse. For these non-protected absences employers can, and should, discipline their employees. A company’s policy should be clearly written and disseminated to all employees. In addition, the employer should make sure to  train all supervisors and managers  to ensure that the policy is being fairly applied.It’s a good idea to spot check attendance issues in every department to make sure that company rules are being fairly imposed. Absenteeism is the term generally used to refer to  unscheduled  employee absences from the  workplace. Many causes of absenteeism are legitimate—personal illness or family issues, for example—but absenteeism also can often be traced to other factors such as a poor work environment or workers who are not committed to their jobs. If such absences become excessive, they can have a seriously adverse impact on a business's operations and, ultimately, its profitability Read more:  http://www. nswers. com/topic/absenteeism#ixzz2OV25Xt00 Absenteeism  is the term used to describe the fact of an individual's missing his or her regular daily activity The habit ual non-presence of an employee at his or her job. Possible causes of absenteeism include job dissatisfaction, ongoing personal issues and chronic medical problems. Regardless of cause, a worker with a pattern of being absent may put his reputation and his employed status at risk. However, some forms of absence from work are legally protected and cannot be grounds for termination. Absenteeism  is a habitual  pattern  of absence from a  duty  or  obligation.Traditionally, absenteeism has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance, as well as a breach of an implicit contract between employee and employer; it was seen as a management problem, and framed in economic or quasi-economic terms. More recent scholarship seeks to understand absenteeism as an indicator of psychological, medical, or social adjustment to work. In this study absenteeism is defined as: temporary, extended or permanent incapacity for work as a result of sickness or infirmity The purpose o f the study was to investigate the incidence of learner bsenteeism in the country, the reasons why learners absent themselves from schools and examine the systems that exist to monitor and reduce learner absenteeism. Firstly, there are reasons for absenteeism associated with personal factors, such as illness, age, gender and learning difficulties. Secondly, absenteeism may be caused by socio-economic factors relating to food insecurity, problems with transport to school, the impact of HIV/AIDS on children and families How to Deal with Employee Absenteeism Employee absenteeism is one of the major areas of concern for organizations today.It reduces productivity and puts burden on the available staff. Let us take a look at some methods through which you can keep it in check in your organization. One of the biggest challenges that organizations face today is unplanned absenteeism. Frequent absenteeism from employees not only hampers the productivity of an organization, but it also affec ts the morale of hard-working employees. It is therefore essential that organizations get their act together and take necessary steps to reduce it. Absenteeism can either be for genuine reasons or culpable.It is the responsibility of a manager to identify employees who are frequently absent, and look for steps to counter it. Some researchers are of the view that punitive action is the only way by which unplanned absenteeism can be reduced, but this belief has few takers. You can persuade an employee to come to office but the chances that he would work wholeheartedly are slim. You don't want to create an atmosphere where your employees come up with new ideas to call in for a day off. This will also make it more difficult for employees who genuinely need a leave to tend to their personal or family issues.Besides, you can't have different set of rules for different people as this will lead to accusations of discrimination. Analysts have pointed out that an authoritarian style of manage ment is one of the prime reasons behind frequent absenteeism and tardiness. Managers who set up targets that are simply unachievable or blame everyone expect themselves for any failure, put their employees under a lot of stress. This is one of the major reasons why employees don't feel like coming to office. Organizations which fail to have an efficient leave policy in place also witness high absenteeism.In the absence of a point of contact, employees get more leverage which can lead to higher absenteeism levels. How to Reduce Employee Absenteeism? Reducing employee absenteeism requires sustained effort, and the first and foremost step in this direction is to provide coaching to the team leaders/managers of your organization. Managers should be provided with adequate training to improve their interpersonal skills. They should also be reminded that the power that has been conferred upon them has to be used to make the organization a better place to work, not to boss around and put pe ople off.This will not only help you in addressing the issue, but also in tackling issues like employee turnover, and low morale among your staff. Having a clear leave policy is essential if you don't want your employees to abuse their privileges. It is important that you explain all the policies to your employees when you recruit them so that there is no scope for miscommunication. This helps especially in case of large organizations where it is virtually impossible to keep an eye on every employee. Having an effective communication system helps in maintaining transparency and keeps rumor mongers at bay.It dispels negativity and makes employees feel that they are being recognized as a part of the organization. Trusting your employees by giving them more responsibility instills a sense of confidence in them and creates a good atmosphere in the workplace. Rewarding employees who have shown good performance by missing lesser work days can go a long way in helping you deal with employe e absenteeism. It will not only help in recognizing hardworking employees, but also motivate employees to come to work rather than staying at home.Unplanned absenteeism costs a few million dollars to American companies every year, so it is important that you address this issue with utmost seriousness. If yours is a small or a mid-scale business, then the effects are much more grave. You can't completely wipe out this issue, but what you should essentially aim to do is to reduce the frequency of culpable absenteeism. Absenteeism – employees not showing up for work when scheduled – can be a major problem for organisations. As pressures increase on the budgets and competitiveness of companies, more attention is being given to reduce workplace absenteeism and its cost.Most research has concluded that absence is a complex variable and that it is influenced by multiple causes, both personal and organisational. Job satisfaction has been noted as one of the factors influencing an employee’s motivation to attend. INTRODUCTION To many in the world of work, absenteeism is one of those stubborn problems for which â€Å"†¦.. there is no clear culprit and no easy cure† (Rhodes & Steers, 1990, p. 1). Furthermore, as a general phenomenon it does not discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, race and religion. Bydawell (2000, p. 5) postulates that â€Å"employers have the right to expect good attendance from their employees as employment is a contract between two consenting parties. † The author further states that absentee issues will undoubtedly arise within the employment relationship, and should be resolved in a manner which is fair and equitable to both the employer and the employee. Absenteeism can be very costly to organisations and enormous savings can be realised through effective management of non-attendance at work. Besides the cost implications, absenteeism is influenced by dozens of interrelated factors hich make it even more difficult to â€Å"quantify, qualify, or rectify† (Tylczak , 1990, p. 9). One of these factors which have been cited by different researchers is an employee’s level of job satisfaction in the workplace. In conjunction with this, George and Jones (2002, p. 93) maintain that â€Å"†¦many researchers have studied the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction in an attempt to discover ways to reduce absenteeism. † Early job satisfaction research has emphasised the underlying assumption that job dissatisfaction represents the primary cause of absenteeism (Steers, Porter & Bigley, 1996). McShane’s (1984) review as quoted by Steers et al. (1996) supported the notion that employees who are dissatisfied with various aspects of their jobs are more likely to be absent. Studies by McShane (1984) found â€Å"job satisfaction to be more highly related to frequency of absences than to number of days lost† (Steers et al. , 1996, p. 4 09) Rhodes and Steers (1990) propose that employee attendance is based on an employee’s motivation to attend as well as their ability to attend. According to George and Jones (2002), job satisfaction is one of the factors affecting an employee’s motivation to attend.It becomes important to measure the strength of the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as â€Å"†¦.. positive attitudes can at times serve to â€Å"pull† the individual towards the organisation and the reverse can be expected when attitudes are more negative † (George & Jones, 2002, p. 94). An employees’ ability to attend is influenced on the other hand by factors such as family responsibilities, transportation problems, accidents and the like. Once all these variables are identified, managers may begin to understand why employees sometimes choose not to come to work when they are fully capable of attending.By the same token, it is â€Å"equally important for ma nagers to understand those circumstances in which people, for whatever reason (illness or otherwise), are genuinely unable to come to work† (Rhodes & Steers, 1990, p. 13). Absenteeism seems to be a behaviour that organisations can never eliminate, but they can rather control and manage it. George and Jones (2002, p. 94) note that â€Å"organisations should not have absence policies that are so restrictive that they literally force workers to come to work even if they are ill. Organisations may want to recognise that a certain level of absence is indeed functional. PROBLEM STATEMENT Tremendous pressure is being placed on companies to reduce costs either through downsizing, outsourcing or restructuring. For many employees, these changes can cause feelings of insecurity regarding the nature of their jobs as well as their future. Not having people at work increases the workload of fellow employees, reduces productivity and increases the cost of contract labour. Absenteeism In ter ms of the discussion, the three terms â€Å"absence, absenteeism and sickness absence† will be used as synonymous in meaning, implying that workers who were scheduled for ork and expected to attend, did not do so. Cascio (2003, p. 45) defines absenteeism as â€Å"any failure of an employee to report for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of the reason. † Milkovich and Boudreau (1994) define absenteeism from an organisation’s perspective as â€Å"the frequency and/or duration of work time lost when employees do not come to work. † Absenteeism therefore implies â€Å"an unplanned, disruptive incident; but more specifically, it can be seen as non-attendance when an employee is scheduled for work † (Van der Merwe & Miller, SUMMARY OF CHAPTERIn summary, this chapter highlighted the fact that absenteeism is pervasive throughout most organisations and can place huge financial burdens on organisations. A central concern in organisations is proba bly that some employees believe that it is their â€Å"right† to 13take sick leave whether they are sick or not. These short, unscheduled absences impact on work schedules, increase workloads of other employees and can also have a detrimental effect on productivity. Furthermore, this chapter emphasised that absenteeism is influenced by a number of interrelated factors ranging from family responsibilities to satisfaction on the job.Literature suggests that absenteeism is a major problem in many organisations, hence, the importance of focusing on this behaviour within the organisation. Various studies have attempted to examine the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as absence is commonly viewed as one of the means of withdrawal from stressful work situations. According to Luthans (1995), research has generally revealed a consistent inverse relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism, i. e. when satisfaction is high, absenteeism tends to be low and w hen satisfaction is low, bsenteeism tends to be high. ABSENTEEISM 2. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Unscheduled absences affect almost every type of organisation. Hoque and Islam (2003, p. 81) describe absenteeism as a â€Å"subject to be studied, matter to be thought over and a problem to be solved. † Besides the direct costs associated with absenteeism, there are also indirect costs such as hiring of casual staff, reduced productivity, turnover and potential loss in revenue (Cole, 2002; Mason & Griffin, 2003). Robinson (2002) further notes that the indirect costs of absenteeism can be up to three times higher than the direct osts of absenteeism. It therefore becomes vital that organisations recognise the extent of this problem due to the high costs associated with continued unscheduled absences. The main problem is perhaps that many employees believe sick leave is a â€Å"benefit † like annual leave and they are entitled to take it, irrespective of the condition of their health. This has implications for organisations because it is difficult for an organisation to operate smoothly if employees fail to report for work. According to Robbins et al. (2003), having sick leave programmes in organisations, i. e. providing paid sick eave, actually enforces the wrong behaviour, which is absence from work. The authors argue that organisations should rather reward employees for attendance, not for being absent. Moreover, the importance of good attendance and its benefits should be clearly communicated to all employees (Bydawell, 2000). Rhodes and Steers (1990) maintain that people tend to have different perspectives or attach different meanings when viewing the topic of employee absenteeism. To the 20manager, absence is often seen as a problem to be solved, but to the employee it can take on a very different meaning.For the employee, absenteeism can be symbolic of deeper feelings of hostility or perceptions of inequitable treatment in the job situation or a way to sab otage the organisation for the poor work environment or other attributes of the job. TYPES OF ABSENTEEISM Van der Merwe and Miller (1988) classify absenteeism into three broad categories that help to understand the nature of this phenomenon. They are: (1) sickness absence, (2) authorised absence/absence with permission and (3) unexcused absence/ absence without leave. Sickness absence Sickness absence is a category where employees claim ill health as their reason for bsence. Requirements regarding medical/doctor’s certificates vary and are determined by company policy or the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA). The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 (1997) stipulates that a certificate needs to be produced after two days of sickness absence. Most managers have found that certification is not a guarantee of genuine absence as it has become easy for people to gain access to medical certificates. Van der Merwe and Miller (1988, p. 10) maintain that â€Å"having a criti cal attitude to short sick absence, and indicating to employees that heir absence behaviour is regularly monitored, is likely to result in a better norm of attendance. † 2. 2. 3. 2 Authorised absence Absence with permission is where employees prov an â€Å"excuse† for their absence whether that be for holidays, study leave, special leave and the like. Normally such a request is included in the absence policy (Van der Merwe & Miller, 1988, p. 11). 2. 2. 3. 3 Unexcused absence All absences not falling into the two previous categories and where no reason is given, or not accepted, are regarded as unexcused (Van Der Merwe & Miller, 1988, p. 11). This ype of absence, when it reaches problematic proportions, will have to be pointed out to employees in question in order to bring their attendance in line with acceptable norms Employees who come to work later in the day or who leave earlier are normally not recorded on the leave records of employers and the supervisor is normall y aware of such absences (Wolmarans, 1994). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Sickness absence has attracted attention in response to competitive pressures and tightening labour markets and by managing absence, organisations can achieve a better competitive edge (Johnson et al. 2003). For many organisations however, absenteeism management remains a daunting task, as it can place huge financial burdens on organisations. Aware of the indirect costs associated with absenteeism, management must determine what factors are responsible for absenteeism and how these factors can be addressed to curb this challenging problem. The main goal of the present study was to determine the impact of job satisfaction on absenteeism as research generally states that dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work than satisfied employees (Aamodt, 2004; Saal & Knight, 1988). The study owever only found a weak, albeit inverse correlation between satisfaction and absenteeism. The role of other variables, for example personality, work-group norms, organisational commitment and family related responsibilities have not been included although their impact on absenteeism have been noted (Mowday et al. , 1982; Rhodes & Steers, 1990). In order to improve on this, it is suggested that further research be undertaken to ascertain the potential effect of these variables on absenteeism. 145Since the current research utilised a non – probability sampling method, certain groups may have been under-presented.Although the sample of 121 is considered appropriate, a larger, stratified random sample would have enabled greater precision and control with respect to the sample. Furthermore, the sample employed was relatively small, reducing the study’s generalizability to the larger organisation. Moreover, the small number of female respondents prevented meaningful comparisons being made. The study was conducted in one organisation in the Western Cape, which further limits its applicabilit y to a wider population. A cross-sectional design was used for the study as it provided the researcher with a napshot of the research elements at a given point in time. Even though this design is considered appropriate, a longitudinal study would allow for forming a better understanding of the true nature of absenteeism and job satisfaction as it uses the same sample over a period of time. The study is further limited in that it used self –report measures of absence, which is highly subjective. Johns (1996) as quoted by Siu (2002) – argues that â€Å"employees do not have accurate perceptions of their own absenteeism, some employees underestimate their own absenteeism and overestimate the absenteeism of co-workers† (Siu, 2002, p. 218).Further research should adopt more objective measures of absence. The second goal of the study focused on the relationship between personal characteristics and absence. Significant correlations were found and it is important for ma nagement to 146understand these dynamics in order to control absenteeism in the workplace. The importance of understanding specifically the impact of age on the work force will continue to grow, owing to changes in legislation (age discrimination, non-mandatory retirement) and also the impact of HIV and AIDS (Kacmar & Ferris, 1989). Organisations need to have stringent policies in place to control absenteeism, and a ulture of attendance needs to be cultivated amongst employees. Future research needs to also examine the absence severity rate (ASR) which indicates the number of days sick leave per incident over a period of time, which is how long employees are off when they do take sick leave (Mowday et al. ,1982). Excessive absenteeism can escalate to the point that it directly affects productivity, quality and morale. A final goal of the study was to examine the impact of personal characteristics on job satisfaction. While the study focused on personal predictors of job satisfaction , there re other variables (job and organisational) that may be better predictors of job satisfaction (Spector, 1997; 2000). It is suggested that further research needs to be conducted to identify these factors that contribute to employees’ job satisfaction. 147REFERENCE LIST Aamodt, M. G. (1996). Applied Industrial/Organisational Psychology (2nd ed. ). USA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Aamodt, M. G. (2004). Applied Industrial/Organisational Psychology (4th ed). USA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Alavi, H. R. , & Askaripur, M. R. (2003). The relationship between self-esteem and job satisfaction of personnel in government organisations.Public Personnel Management 32 (4) : 591-599. Anderson, A. E. (2004). What’s absent in absence management. Employee Benefits Journal 29 (1) : 25-30. Anderson, N. , Ones, D. S. , Sinangil, H. K, & Viswesvaran, C. (2001). 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(1994).To conduct an investigation into absenteeism in Cape Town organisations. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Cape Town. Buitenda ch, J. H. , & De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity, extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective organisation commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of Business Management 36 (2) : 27-33. 149Bydawell, M. (2000). Managing people who don’t come to work. People Dynamics 18 : 15-19. Carr, M. , & Human, P. (1988). Job satisfaction and its relationship with demographic and work-related variables: A case study in the Western Cape, South Africa.South African Journal of Labour Relations 10 (3 & 4) : 60-67. Cascio, W. F. (2003). Managing Human Resources : Productivity, quality of work life, profits (6th ed. ). MacGraw-Hill Irwin. Chambers, J. M. (1999). The job satisfaction of managerial and executive women: Revisiting the assumptions. Journal of Education for Business 72 (2) : 69-75. Cole, C. L. (2002). 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Saturday, January 11, 2020

Network Security Essay

You are interested in starting your own Music Store, QualitySounds, in a suburban area of your town. You need to design and build a network and computing solution for your stores. You have done some initial planning and you will start with two stores (but you plan to add two more stores across town within one year). Your store will sell new and used music and allow customers to get â€Å"online† in your stores and download music. You also will offer classes on how to setup music downloads and configure MP3 devices. You took computer networking courses in college and you feel you can tackle this solution yourself. Upon initial planning, you have identified the following requirements for your network: * Connects three office computers and one computer used for Point-of-Sale (POS) services at each of your stores. You also want six (6) computers in the lobby/store where patrons can download music and you can run â€Å"training classes† for people to learn about using MP3 players and get other basic information. The two offices have to be connected into one cohesive network, sharing POS services and other critical company information. You also need to provide a â€Å"hand out† casual area for people to stop in and discuss music and connect wirelessly to the Internet (you might even offer free coffee to entice people to come in to your store). * Provides adequate security for all of the company communications and documents (especially sensitive sales documents). All POS services must be protected. All general network access should be segmented from the company POS services. * Fast and have additional capacity as the company grows * Provides for centralized printing * Supports the eventual addition of other stores to the network * Provides customers with a general information Website and a secure Website where clients can buy services, and products * Provides for limited downtime (24 hour downtime maximum) * Provides for centralized management and control of the computers in the two stores, so that you can maintain the network from off-site * Provides for long-term cost effectiveness * Provides a suite of software tools for the employees to effectively communicate and a POS solution for the stores The company does not have any equipment. Your plan should include a complete network and computer system that meets these requirements and future expansion plans. The two store locations will (eventually) be within a five-mile radius of each other. The locations are within a suburban area that has current technological infrastructures and related technology offerings. The stores will need a sales system and print services for invoices. Complete your proposal including costs for computing equipment, network infrastructure, network servers, printers, and related hardware, software, and accessories. Include as much detail as possible as well as justification as to your selections. Diagram and explain your physical network and computer design as well as the logical network design (server installation, domain layout, etc.). As you are a small business, cost is a major factor and should be minimized.

Friday, January 3, 2020

American History Impact of Globalization on American Life

Globalization impacts every area of American life: from the products we buy to the way we do things. One of the ways globalization affects individual communities is by making those communities more diverse. Globalization makes the migration of people, as well as products and stores, more possible. There are some negative aspects of globalization. For example, globalization makes it more likely that we will see less variety of stores. The proliferation of the same stores in every neighborhood, even throughout the world, makes for a more homogenized society. I see a Starbucks everywhere, as well as McDonalds. One impact of globalization that has both pros and cons is that English has become the predominant language. English enables people from different countries to communicate, but it also means that people in the English speaking countries have an advantage. The popularity of rap music around the world is one of the positive signs of globalization. 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