Virtue Theory Essay Example for Free

Virtue Theory EssayAristotle studied and explained a wide range of subjects ranging from science to government and is widely recognized as one of the greatest philosophers of every time. One of his most important contributions to the study of humanities is his exploration and definition of clean-living chastity. In his book, The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explains several(predicate) views about the nature of life in order to allow the reader to find what the main function of life is and how to successfully perform that function. For example, Aristotle states in his first book, in article one, every art and every investigation, and similarly every action and pursuit is considered to aim at some good. Hence, Aristotle defines the good as that which all things should aim. However, what separates humans from different things is the fact that humans seek the good in order to achieve eudemonia, or happiness. In order to achieve this result, a human must function well, and woul d on that pointfore be acting with rational activity.So, if a person performs the function of rational activity well, they keep up acted with moral reasoning, acting virtuously to achieve eudemonia. In summary, Aristotle believes the good, or virtue, is in a humans self-interest because of the results it produces. However, I strongly believe that, to classical philosophers, achieving virtue was a broader concept that its current connotation suggests.It is commonly known that certain theories can be considered obsolete over time if not restated in a modernistic solar day context, because as society advances, there is a need for theories and ideas to accommodate and make room for such(prenominal) changes in order to maintain their relevance So, in order to adapt Aristotles guess of the good, in like manner known as Aristotles virtue hypothesis, into modern day life, different theorists and philosophers became interested in reevaluating the theory and adding to it in order to achieve a successful and newer theory for humans to consider.I want to discuss the most popular theories recreated from Aristotles virtue theory to prove that there is, in fact, a need to modernize and restate his original concept, there is not a need to disregard it or comfortably add to it. I believe that his theory must simply be presented done a modern brain to be used as a guideline as to how humans should act quite of a set group of rules that could possible contradict each other. There are many different theories to consider when trying to find the best adaptation of Aristotles virtue theory, they range from supplementary views to non-supplementary and non-criterialists.For example, Supplementalists such as James Rachels believe in supplementing Aristotles theory of the good with an independent theory of just action. Whereas, non-Supplementalists can be further split into criterialists such as Rosalind Hursthouse, who believes that happiness can be objective, and non- criterialists such as Julia Annas, who believes that virtue theory does not need any criteria of right action because a rattling virtuous person would never get into a situation where a criteria of right action would be needed.These theories differ on core principles and systems of adaptation, some even disagree with parts of Aristotles theory however, they all have some form of agreement with respect to Aristotles theory of the good and can be used to enhance it for its adaptation into modern day context. After my evaluations of each philosophers view points, I have found the most realistic and least contradicting theory in Julia Annas essay, be Virtuous and Doing the rightly Thing. Her essay delves into not only the original concept of Aristotles virtue theory, but also discusses the consequences of abiding by those guidelines in modern day.Her theory allows Aristotles theory to remain intact, however she refreshes it to the modern connotation it needed to be more commonly a ccepted by nowadayss society. However, when looking at the other popular views, James Rachels provides a detailed argument vouching for his supplementalist view point on the theory of the good in his essay The Ethics of Virtue. In his opinion, Aristotles theory shows an excellent motivation for moral action and gives us a better perspective of our decisions by enabling a different method of weighing our action.Yet, he also states that through Aristotles theory alone, there would be no reason for individuals to think that characteristics are virtues rather than vices. For example, courage could be a vice because there is no basis for asserting that courage is a virtue. Second, he adds it is difficult to see how unsupplemented virtue theory could handle cases of moral conflict (Rachels 2). For example, honesty can conflict with kindness if a certain circumstance presents itself.According to Rachels, a purely virtue-based morality must al steerings be incomplete, since it could not b y itself explain why certain character traits are not morally good and therefore, humans could never decipher if they are truly acting virtuously and experiencing eudemonia. In order to make such a distinction between what is and is not morally good, he concludes that a combined approach, supplementing Aristotles theory with an independent theory of right action, such as Kantianism or Utilitarianism, will allow for an adequate moral philosophy in modern day.However, there can be problems with supplementation because moral theories, such as Kantianism for example, suffer from the same problem of deciphering the conflict of virtues. Rachels evaluates a list of virtues such as benevolence, civility, fairness, arbitrator and so on, describing them as traits of character that should be fostered in human beings. By doing so, he conveys to the reader the need for an independent theory of right action such as Kantianism to help distinguish whether or not it is a virtue or vice. However, he does not go into detail of the problems such independent theories of right action can run into.Say Rachels wants to supplement the virtue theory with kantianism, and a person posses the virtue of honesty, however, if that person were to be conflicted by Nazis asking where unfathomed refugees are, that person would have to tell the truth because that is what the categorical imperative deems. Therefore, supplementing the virtue theory proves unnecessary and contradicting when trying to maintain using the virtue theory in modern day. Next, I chose to compare a theory opposing the supplementalist view such as the non-supplementalist view that Rosalind Hursthouse agrees with in her essay Virtue Theory and Abortion. However, she also adds a criterialist view point in that an action is right, if and only if, it is what the virtuous agent would do in the circumstance (Hursthouse 225). In her paper, she primarily uses the example of miscarriage to demonstrate her criticism of the virtue th eory and discuss what is needed to be applied to the theory for it to promote the correct virtuous answer in modern spate. She states that virtue theory cant get us anywhere in palpable moral issues because its bound to be all arrogance and no argument.(Hursthouse 226), therefore, she addresses the need for clear, virtuous guidance about what ought and ought not to be done when a person is stuck in a conflicting decision of virtues. In her example of a womans decision of whether or not to have an abortion, she emphasizes the necessity of that guidance. However, in the evaluation of Hursthouses paper, she states nine separate criticisms of virtue theory, demonstrating what she believes to be an inadequate grasp either of the structure of virtue theory or what would be involved in thinking about a real moral issue in its terms.She clearly makes the point that Aristotles theory of the good does not allow for a blatant answer in circumstances in which a person could either only do wr ong or face the decision of acting for the good of human kind or for their own self interest. But, what she does not grasp is the simple fact that a virtuous person would never be in such situations to begin with, as Julia Annas later states. Hursthouses example of abortion becomes invalid with the realization that a virtuous person would not have irresponsible sex to land herself in a situation of whether or not to have an abortion.She mostly disagrees with Aristotles overall concept therefore, her need to recreate it in a more perceivable method is diluted and consumed by her overall goal of asserting the need of a virtuous guidance for those stuck in unvirtuous situations. Julia Annas further addresses the contradictions Hursthouse makes in her essay Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Things, in that she does not follow the criterialist belief that Hursthouse believes is necessary to make the virtuous decision.As stated before, she uses the main contradiction that the circumstan ces where there is no right answer a virtuous person wouldnt be in to begin with. Also, she believes that we are not blank slates we already have a firm views about right and wrong ways to act, worthy and unworthy ways to be (Annas 66), and we become knowledgeable of what is right and wrong through a developmental serve up, not through some technical method of deciphering right from wrong. She believes that you become good at being virtuous the same way you become good in everything else, for example, in order be good at playing the piano, you must practice.Her statements help relate Aristotles virtue theory to those confused about how to apply it in perfunctory life. She is providing the excuse of instinct and development for the vagueness of his original theory in order to make it more practical and achievable for those wanting to act with virtue. Overall, Annas proves her view deliberately and assertively throughout her paper. It becomes apparent that becoming a virtuous person requires a developmental process much like other activities in life.Also, through defying other theories, such as Hursthouses, she shows how uncomplicated making a virtuous decision can be, instead of making such a decision seem unachievable and complicated in modern context. I agree with her statement that it is wrong to force our everyday moral thoughts into a system of one-size-fits all kind, virtue ethics tells us to look elsewhere at what happens when we try to become a builder or pianist (Annas 73), because I believe that is how I came to learn what was morally good, and how I am still learning what is right or wrong in nowadayss society.She revives Aristotles virtue theory for modern day by allowing its original vagueness to remain intact and not trying to rewrite the theorys initial context, while at the same time describing it as more of a guideline for humans to live by and a way to emend practical judgment in everyday life. In conclusion, Annas non-supplementalist, non -criterialist outlook on Aristotles virtue theory provokes thought and consideration, but also relates to a reader, because if looked at closely, the virtuous developmental process can be easily recognizable in any readers childhood.Also, her analytical methods of revealing the problems in other theories help the reader to comprehend her theory easier. Annas leaves the reader stating When it comes to working to find the right thing to do, we cannot shift the work to a theory, because we, unlike theories, are perpetually learning, and so we are always learning and aspiring to do better (Annas 74). Overall, Annas provides the best adaptation to Aristotles theory of the good and provides a positive outlook on the methods of becoming virtuous without constraining the reader to believe that there is exact and deliberate steps a human must make in order to gain eudemonia.Her revision allows Aristotles concept to live on into modern day, and thus provides a well-rounded and current guide line to the betterment of todays society. Works Cited Annas, Julia. Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (2004) 61-75. Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics. 325 B. C. Hursthouse, Rosalind. Virtue Theory and Abortion. Philosophy and Public Affairs 20. 3 (1991) 223-246. Rachel, James. The Ethics of Virtue. 1996. Norman R. Shultz. November 2010 http//www. normanrschultz. org/Courses/Ethics/Rachels_virtueethics. pdf.

History of Hospitality Essay Example for Free

History of cordial reception Essay cordial reception is the extension of home like services to persons other than of matchlesss theatre or immediate relative. Hospitality involves treating strangers and guests to warm welcome into strangers homes. Hospitality brings people who r arely know each other together. Hospitality is traced back to as premature as human existence is known. The most intelligent of human evolution, the homo sapient was identified as indicating hospitality traits. The s even upteenth century in the British culture had evidence of hospitality traits, (OConnor, 2005). The face of hospitality though has changed over the centuries to what it is today. The emphasis of persons being hospitable towards fellow people has been relaxed and only a fewer institutions are left to practice it. Hospitality today is not much to be practiced by everyone but by a few who are deemed to naturally possess this quality as a gift. For there to be an in depth understanding of what is entailed in hospitality, a review of the ancient interpretations and motive of hospitality is necessary. This will help us determine whether the principles on which hospitality was founded have changed over time.Among the Greeks, hospitality was viewed as a saintly activity to honor their gods and thus the whole smart set was obliged to be hospitable (OGorman, 2005). Failure to extend hospitable attitudes towards guests or strangers invited the wrath of the supernatural. Greek and papist Societies Hospitality was thought of as transferable from generation to generation. The virtue was not only a personal choice but was overly applied in public affairs. Different types of guests were received at treated variously according to their status, (OGorman, 2005).Traders were received differently from cultural visitors. Hospitality was exercised even at national direct where state or city guests were received with honour and dignity. Commercial hospitality was rare in the early Greek civilization. In the Roman culture, hospitality was pass judgment to be an exercise of all pennons and it was more than pronounced in the Greek society. Public hospitality was exercised by Rome and other countries. Hospitality is traceable even in religious writings like the Bible. Some fundamental principles are evident from the studies of early hospitality. Underlying PrinciplesHospitality was viewed as necessary for human existence. Because no person was immune to requiring hospitality services at some time, there was an promise for all to be hospitable. Hospitality established and maintained relationships which cultivated togetherness. Hospitality was further viewed as an honorable tradition deserving passing from one generation to another. Being hospitable was to be practiced all through no matter of changes in the world. Hospitality by then was stratified in that particular groups of person were accorded different treatment according to their social standing.The ext ent of the different groups of guests compulsory that laws be established to govern this. This indicates that hospitality was highly valued in these early societies. There was an unwritten law that hospitality, once extended to a person, one had to respond by extending it to others. This construed its continuity. In the ancient set up also, hospitality was used to gain honour for persons exercising it. The more a person is tangled with receiving guests and strangers into their households, the more respected they became in the society.Emphasis was laid on domestic hospitality in which guests were welcomed in households. Hospitality Today The face of hospitality has simply changed today. The society lays little emphasis in reception of visitors or strangers at large. Domestic hospitality today is a rare phenomenon. Todays society treats strangers with suspicion and it therefore becomes harder for people to extend hospitality. With the growing security concerns, strangers are more likely to be shunned in the suspicion that they have malicious intentions.This is more so for the developed countries where homes are fenced to lock out intruders and sensors installed to man the compound. Commercialization The society today has commercialized hospitality services to the extent that it has lost its meaning. Hospitality is exercised only when the host stands to gain financially from the guest. The building of luxurious hotels across the world emphasizes this. Rarely would a sizeable town lack accommodation facilities for guests or people in transit. Without any gain from hosting these people, such hospitality centers would be inexistent.The commercialization of hospitality has further sidelined those needing the services from receiving them. Before a guest is schedule into these hotels it has to be ascertained that they are able to pay accommodation fees. Guests are also needed to produce many documents to identify themselves and at times, they are required to stat e their motives. Some guests are turned away if the hosts doubt them. The personalized sympathetic contact between a host and guest has been lost considerable the way (Dittmer, 1997). Suspicion Today also extension of kindness is raise suspicion.When persons become so hospitable even in the commercial facilities, the guest realizes that their hosts must be after favours. There are standard ways of showing hospitality in the commercial facilities and all workers and obliged to follow them. But when they do more than is required, guests become wary. This is in contrast with the traditional view where acts of hospitality were see as well intended. Public Hospitality Public hospitality as exercised in the past was to build relationships between cities or states.The representatives of states were sent to foreign nations to foster better relations. Such persons were supposed to be received well in alien land. Failure to receive them with dignity and respect was regarded as abuse to the ir native lands. Today this principle is largely applied. Countries send their representatives to foreign lands to build friendships and also negotiate deals. These representatives are received in well built guest houses set apart for this very purpose. Reception of these people with great dignity is interpreted as friendliness towards countries (Hobbs, 2001).In businesses, there are established hospitality dockets which accord certain levels of treatment to their guests. A cup of tea is carryed and some companies offer more. This is an extension of the past trends of building relationships thorough hospitality. A deviation from past hospitality trends lies in todays detachment of the virtue with religion. In the past, hospitality was largely viewed as a religious obligation. With the developments in the science world, religious issues have progressively lost much meaning to some people.This removes personal obligation on individuals to be hospitable. It shows the extent to which m odern society has abandoned collective responsibility to care for strangers leaving it in the hands of the commercial institutions (Hobbs, 2001). Hospitality is a virtue that every reason should exercise. The emphasis should not be resented to commercial facilities along but just as it was the practice traditionally, it is everyones responsibility to ensure guests and strangers are comfortable. The society today should redefine hospitality to what it used to be.BibliographyDittmer, P. (1997) Early Development of the Hospitality Industry. Dimensions of the Hospitality Industry, New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , pp. 33-77. OGorman, K (2005) innovational Hospitality Lessons from the Past. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 12 (2), pp. 141-151. Hobbs, T (2001) Hospitality in the First Testament and the Teleological Fallacy. Journal for the Study of the hoar Testament, 26, (1), pp. 3-30. OConnor, D (2005) Towards a new interpretation of hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17, (3), pp. 267-271.

The Responsibilities Of Organisations Operating Globally Business Essay

The Responsibilities Of Organisations Operating Glob altogethery Business EssayOver the prehistoric few years, the rate of growth of avocationes in a kingdom has been faster than the rate of growth of output round the world as a whole. Almost all countries in the world are becoming always more integrated with the world economy. This process is called globalisation. Globalisation could mean for example that most of the c surgehs we buy are do abroad a domain buys pecuniary and statutory work from some other country etc Globalisation has m any(prenominal) effects upon military control concernes/ makeup throughout the world. The impact of globalisation has not been evenly spread. Some businesses confine witnesses dramatic changes because of globalisation of the organisation. This report explains the knowledge of issues Arik Air is facing in operate in global context and review of the issues currently impacting on its businesses. Arik send out is an Airline bon ton situate d in Nigeria need to acquire another parentageline business in United Kingdom whish proposed to be called Arik Air UK and be a global organisation1.1 ANALYSES OF THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANISATIONS WORKING IN DIFFERENT SECTORS, INDUSTRIES AND CONTEXTSThere are different types of organisation which consist of sole dealer, partnership, one-on-one public partnership and limited company.Sole employmentr this is a business solely formed by one person and owned by virtuoso person with one or more workers. This type of business place also be classified as small scale business.The merits of sole trader areIndependent -the owner allow for have total control of the business.Little capital -to establish sole trading it cost less the owner did not need huge money, also sole trader need small loan that rout out be obtain from bank, relatives and friends .Sole owner of cabbage-the net be farseeing to the sole trader, he does not share with anybody.Business affairs are private- it will be difficult for the competitors to know how a great deal the sole traders realise because sole trader keeps all the affairs of the business private.The demerits of sole traders areUnlimited liability.It sometimes difficult to get loan from banks because of the nature of the business.Lack of perseverance if the owner diesPartnership is when two or more people come together to form a business, most partnerships are amidst two or twenty members.Deed of partnership is set up by the partnership this contain the followingsFormation that will be use to share profit or loss incur during the business.Amount of money to be contributed by each partner to start the business.The power of votes will be specialized by the semblance of capital yieldd by each partners.This is rules to be follows when taking in new-fangled partners.Blue print of how the partnership will be dissolve.Disadvantages of partnership areworkload on one partner will cause dispute among the partners.Different d irection of business from partners can cause disagreement.Corporation -is a distinct sub judice entity that has been form through registration process, this is a body that have legal right to enter into contractor or get loan from financial institution, it can sue and sued, recruit workers and pay tax revenuees. The business is different from the owner, corporation is limited liability dividend. The shareholders are not liable for the company liquidation.Limited company An organisation which is liable to investor or subscribers. The investor are limited to their investment or guaranteed to the company which the profit is share, its finances in the business different to his personal money.Private company limited-when the company is liquidated they agreed to pay certain amount to bailout the company.Private unlimited company- during the liquidation of the company the shareholders and board of directors are solely liable payment of debt owed. domain limited company- the company trad ed publicly on stock market such as London stock exchange, Nigeria stock exchange etc.Public sector organisation -this is an organisation owned by the political science, Federal, state and local presidential term, in that respect aims and objective is to provide social amenities for the public in footing of function e g, provision of public transport, wellness, research non profit making all the money made are rechanneled into the society.Non profit organisation- this is an organisation that is established for charity all the profit make is channel back to the business to pursue the aims and objective of the organisation. They generate money through donation from politics and public. They are exempted in tax or tax deduction.Global Context- multinational transaction between two organisations from two different companies, global context is a term used to jointly describe all commercial activities of private and government globally in terms of sales, investment, logistics and transportation.1.2 ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANISATIONS OPERATING GLOBALLY.The multinational organisation face a lot of challenges, the company have to acquire power to like money, connections to go into foreign land challenges that will fit in a global business context. common chord environmental factors that the company have to put into considerations arePolitical economy-this is the policies made by the government of the acquisition country for the new establishment also international business law must(prenominal) be look critically before venture into it.The resource and marketing- the market and resources of the country and host of their new business, the strength of the business in the country.Competition- There will be competition among the local business of the host country, the local business will give them a lot of curse because the people have already used to their local harvest-tide, and meanwhile the company have to make sure that their service is un ique to be accepted by the buyer in the host country.Localizing strategies-The organisation have to know how to respond to the geographical opportunity and threats because the culture different also the competitors threat must be addressed with the local organisation.Sales and marketing strategy- must be considered because of the geographical different.Supply chain- is another factor because its different from one country to another.Different in legal system-there different legal system, labour laws and distribution, production strategy must be considered when going into global business because it varies from one country to other.International trade is a trade between two or more country, most private organisation call multinational undertake such transaction for profit making while government do the business for profit to increase their gross domestic product gross domestic product or for political reasons, and this can be in terms of producing goods and services. The services may include finance banking insurance, construction etc. Organisational responsibility may be explained based on the following read/write headShareholders shareholders are investors of funds into the business, so they expect average financial returns there will be interest on their money which will come in form of dividend. They can also be part of constitution making in the organisation.Customer -they are like king in the whole issue, without the guests there will be no products. So, the organisation must responsible in providing good value for the money they spent interims of durability of the product or services given to them.Employee-the employees must be treat beyond the contract signed with them, treat them like they are part of the business. They must be given seemly training in new skill and technologies to be able to render an international standard of services and product to the customers.Community the organisation must be friendly to the people in the community in which they operate.Environment -they must conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for new operation also they must not pollute the environment with hazard or dangerous toxic waste that can make water agriculture, health of the people in the country. good issue the ethical issue is very important in business they should pursue the ethics for the ontogenesis of their organisation statues and long term survival they should stock as customers, suppliers, competitors and the environment general.1.3 STRATEGY EMPLOYED BY ORGANISATIONS OPERATING GLOBALLY ISPolitical the political scene in another country must be embraced to facilitate better trade between the governments of other country in the world a business agreement must be signed between the organisation and the organisation in other country.Economy the organisation must be ready to integrate the economy policy of another country their product or services attract lot of investor in other part of the world. kindly the organis ation will recruit workers from other country that they are doing business with and pay them good wages also support the community by providing CSR (corporate social responsibility) by providing scholarships etc. applied science -the world is boom in terms of technology uses for some times ,the use of technology like internet will help global organisation in transacting their business fast to provide better and fast services.Legal-the government policy of the other country must be recognised because the policy is used to protect the international trade against bring of fake or outdated products or providing substandard services.Environmental- the global organisation assist in providing sustainable project ,like tree planting also management in terms of amount of waste released to the landfill they should also help in recycling of some product and help in campaigning for good environment. snap how the performance of national economy impact on the activities of business organisation use Airlines as a outcome study.SWOT analysis is concerned in determining the performance of business vis-a-vis it competitors. It is widely accepted way of performing such an analysis, other methods can produce similar (or better) results. SWOT cogitate the knowledge of the present bases of competition with market scenarios. The result of swot is shown SWOT table below, which is a concise statement of the situation in which the firm or business organisation finds itself.An example of a SWOT table for a no-frills airline.StrengthOpportunitiesWeaknessesThreatsAirports used are better than those used by the other no- frills airlinesStrong business inquire for cheap air faresAirport used are worse than those used by the long carriersThe further entry of subsidiaries of the big carriersManagement skillsStrong leisure demand for cheap air faresReputation for punctualityHigher airport chargesLower cost than established airlinesThe interest hard cash flowsEase of booking flightsMany secondary airport underusedNo safely record yet establishedBetter than average employee relationsPoorer than average customer serviceThe characteristics of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and the associated analysis are described and the difficulties in carrying out a formal analysis are expected.Many leader-managers find it useful to encapsulate the sight of their organisation in a concise statement of its strengths and weakness vis-a-vis competition and the opportunities and threat that it faces in its environment. They do this by constructing a SWOT table. A SWOT TABLE provides a useful spring board for their identification of strategy, since it identifies the weaknesses that need to be strengthened, the strength that can be used for competitive advantage, the opportunities that can be used to the organisations advantage, and the threats that it needs to guard against.The impact of global factors on UK business organisation.Businesses are affected by an external environment as much as they are affected by the competitors. Global factors influencing business are legal, political, social, technological and economic. Understanding of these factors is important while developing a business strategy.a. Social factors These factors are related to changes in social structures. These factors provide insights into behaviour, tastes, and lifestyles patterns of a population. Buying patterns are greatly influenced by the changes in the structure of the population, and in consumer lifestyles. Age, gender, etc all determine the buying patterns and understanding of such changes is critical for developing strategies which are in line with the market situations. In a global environment it is important that business strategies are designed keeping in mind the social and cultural differences that vary from Uk to other countries. Consumer religion, language, lifestyle patterns are all important information for thriving business management.b. Legal factors T hese factors that influence business strategies are related to changes in government laws and regulations. For a successful business operation it is important that the businesses consider the legal issues involved in a particular situation and should have the capability to anticipate ways in which changes in laws will affect the way they must behave. Laws keep changing over a period of time. From the point of view of business it is important that they are aware of these changes in the areas of consumer protection legislation, environmental legislation, health safety and employment law, etc.c. Economic factors These factors involve changes in the global economy. A rise in living standards would ultimately imply an increase in demand for products thereby, providing greater opportunities for businesses to make profits. An economy witnesses fluctuations in economic activities. This would imply that in case of a rise in economic activity the demand of the product will increase and henc e the price will increase. In case of reduction in demand the prices will go down. Business strategies should be developed keeping in mind these fluctuations. Other economic changes that affect business include changes in the interest rate, wage rates, and the rate of inflation. In case of low interest rates and increase in demand Businesses will be encouraged to expand and take risks.d. Political factors This refers to the changes in government and government policies. Political factors greatly influence the operation of business in the United Kingdom. This has gained significant importance of late. For example companies and businesses operating in the UK have to adopt directives and regulations created by the UK. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses, and the expending power of consumers and other businesses. Business must consider the stability of the political environment, governments policy on the economy etce. Technological factors These factors greatly influence business strategies as they provide opportunities for businesses to adopt new innovations, and inventions. This helps the business to reduce costs and develop new products. With the advent of modern communication technologies, technological factors have gained great impetus in the business arena. . Huge volumes of information can be securely share by means of databases thereby enabling vast cost reductions, and improvements in service. Organisations need to consider the latest relevant technological advancements for their business and to stay competitive. engineering science helps business to gain competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization. While designing the business strategies firms must consider if use of technology will yield the firm to manufacture products and services at a lower cost. Firms can select new modes of distributions with the help of technology. It has become easier for companies to communicate with their customer i n any part of the world..Domestic markets -is the goods and service producing in a country indoors a year. The of National statistics make us understand that survey of business which will include the activities of the airline operating within the United Kingdom. the uk economy became shrank toward the end of 2012,it goes down by 0.3% in the last three months according to the official GDP figures released, the short fall was not in Air industry alone but due to drop in mining and quarrying by ONS. This affect many stores, manufacturers and some financial institutions that force banks to closed down as a result of this many people lost their jobs, many consumers cut their spending even tourist that used the Air bus reduced due to cut.Global market- is the process when the products and services of a country or an industry is been operating in many countries. The global markets helps the industries to move higher in business.Uk British airways is example of British carrier .British air ways sometime in November merge with some airline in other country. the merger make the British airline to become a recognised and the world third largest airline in the world and change magnitude in terms of Revenue among other airline in competitive market globally.Government policies-this is the law that the Uk government put in place to equip the criteria in global market world, this are done both locally and internationally to protect the business world. They are as followsSecurity-internet scam has been checked by spending more money on IT professionals to track any business fraud on line. Also terrorist this also very important recently UK government send some troop of army to Mali to combat the terrorist network that may be treat to international business in future.Air traffic policies-the UK government present a comprehensive and very big whitepaper on air traffic from 180mppa 476 by 2030, to satisfy future request, also new runway, terminals and improved on the managemen t operation.Tax- recently the UK government took a severe measure against tax Evasion both locally and internationally, government spend millions of pounds on watchdog to couple the activities of companies through HM revenue and customs. e.g. Google ,Amazons ,star bucks coffee company recently penalised.(metro-Monday 17dec 2012)Bilateral relationshipHealth and SafetyEnvironmental policies-this policies is to control noise in the air by the airlines, also government appraise climate change impact.Trade block- this is barrier to trade between two more countries, a group of countries within a geographical region may decide not to allow other country to import some goods to their region, some that are not from their country examples are EU and non EU members.EU is created to have single market for their goods, services and labours they also created trade block among the non EU .discriminatory trade policy.Technology in the past 20years technology has made a huge impact on globalisatio n, it has fastrack the growth seen in global business examples are Email, internet and mobile phones. Internet has made it possible for quick internal and external communication which made it to be the most important marketing tool in global business .meanwhile using mobile phone to communicate around the world which is faster and not expensive, this also avoid individual moving up and down while travelling. Technology not only helps global business in terms of growth but also help the global organisation to be more efficacious in their business activities.CONCLUTION Registration procedure for investors is very easy in united kingdom ,it allow investors design the internal company rules as long as you have right to invest under its legislature law ,the corporate or company law of united kingdom is welcome development because they have the laws that protect the right of shareholders to independently trade their shares.

Young People And Crime Criminology Essay

newborn People And Crime Criminology EssayThe application by criminologists of the ideas summarised in this chapter tends to manifest in the form of multif flakeorial explanations for youth crime. However, in doing this, criminologists for the most part refrain from presenting a hierarchy of causes. The top is that immediate causes argon cited (such as un use of goods and services, racism, labelling, poor railing), and reformist measures are advocated (such as training schemes, resource school), but seldom are substantial changes to the mixer structure as a whole demanded. For those who wish to see study loving change occurring, the questions of power and social interests are of paramount importance. Where multiple factors are at the foreground of analysis, the tendency is to respond to the pheno manpoweron of youth crime through emphasis on bring oning limited projects and programs, more radical perspectives view such proposals as very limiting, unless they are united d irectly to a wider politics of social change.Critically examine how well criminological guess links with policy responses to teen crime. Illust run your answer by reference to theory, a juvenile justice issue and a policy response. When boylike people commit crimes, it is rarely seen that people ask the question why did they do this? The tendency is to respond to these acts by training schemes or to send the youths to alternative schools. The phenomenon of youth crime is responded to through an emphasis on cave ining programs and projects. Rarely are substantial changes as a whole demanded of the social structure. The root causes should be tackled effectively while the hierarchy are simultaneously attended to causes along the way with due priorities. A juvenile justice issue that is of importance in youth crime at the moment is four-year-old men and military group. in that location are some policy responses to this issue as there are many different causes to the problem. By analysing the many different reasons as to why the modern men manufacture violent, substantial changes can be made slowly to the social structure. This essay will demonstrate how criminological theory links to policy responses for young men and violence.There are many theories and explanations put forward as to why juveniles offend and commit crimes. These range from perspectives that emphasise individual offender choice whether to offend, through to those that emphasise social factors such as poverty, limited employment opportunities, and school performance in shaping juvenile criminal acts (Cunneen, White. 2007). These theories vary considerably.The untarnished theory and the individual choice is based on the purpose of penalization within the law is to deter individuals from impinging upon and violating others rights and interests. As individuals we are seen to set out equal capacity to reason, and so we are seen responsible for our own actions. Thus the classical criminal p olicy focuses primarily on the criminal act and suggests equal punishments for equal crime.The positivism theory is that doings is determined. Individual behaviour is shaped by factors such as physiology, personality, social upbringing and others. The focus is on the individuals, who are seen to require treatment since they are not necessarily responsible for their criminality. Positivists concentrate on the offender and the offenders characteristics.A sociological perspective argues that in order to understand that nature and occurrence of crime, we need to look at the structure of the society that moulds and shapes finishing and behaviour. Individual action is thus attributable to social causes, and crime can be seen as a matter of social pathology.Acts of violence have life-threatening and costly results for everyone involved, including families, communities, and society. abandon is a major part of some peoples lives, especially young mens lives (Cameron, 2000). Violence in t he family has been made visible over the last 3 decades, largely as a result of enquires into domestic violence and child abuse. According to an word printed by the Australian Institute of Criminology about young men and violence statistics found that 6.2% of Australian women experienced either physical or sexual violence by a male perpetrator. These statistics are besides an peculiarity of the extent of violence towards children in families. Violence is characteristic of many families, and it has implications for how young men grow up, violence is learnt. In 1990, the National Committee on Violence referred to families as the training ground for violence. The Womens Safety Survey also found that 38 per cent of women who experienced violence by a current partner, and 46 per cent of women who had experienced violence by a former partner, said their children had witnessed violence (Cameron, 2000). Experiences early in life must have some do work on young men who exhibit evidence o f violence later in life. Young men between the ages of 20 and 24 experience the highest rate of assault compared with the rest of the population. Not all families or young men are violent. Certain risk factors indicate the likelihood of behaving aggressively or engage in violence. These include, having a history of violent behaviour, being male, being a young adult, having experienced difficulties in childhood, including inadequate parenting, troubled relationships within the family, low levels of school achievement, having problems of psychotropic substance abuse, especially problematic alcohol use and having severe mental illness, the symptoms of which are not being identified or controlled. Violence in the family is no longer considered a private issue. Moreover, it has implications for broader social policies. Some young men are involved in a culture of violence, well beyond issues concerning the family. In 1998, almost 60 per cent of recorded assaults occurred outside of resi dences. Alcohol plays a part in a significant number of these offences. Some young men enjoy a fight a fight can result from a trivial incident. Fights can relate to illegal activities, such as medicine dealing, that do not allow young men to resort to legitimate forms of conflict resolution. As a result, groups may develop for protection. As members become hardened, for example, by experience in jail, they may view the world as consisting of the strong and the weak, and as a place of conflict and struggle. They ritualistically convey their ruthlessness and act brutally. In some instances, groups or gangs have emerged around issues of ethnic solidarity. While groups or gangs may emerge as a result of illicit activities, this is not always the case. Young men may feel safe in groups, and when police see three or more young men together they may define them as a gang. Violence occurs at school. Although Australia is fortunate enough to have been spared the school yard shootings, les s lethal forms of violence are not uncommon. Bullying may or may not be intended to hurt and may take the form of physical, non-physical, or non-verbal action undertaken by the bully or by someone co-opted to do so. Bullying is hurtful and may have health consequences. Thus juvenile crime takes several forms and shapes.There are several policy responses available to deal with juvenile crime. Many young men need advice and direction on how to behave towards women and their peers, and they want to utter to you about it. An article discussing young men and violence identified many strategies that they believed would be effective and promising for policy development towards young men (Cameron, 2000). This article identified six saloon strategies.The first prevention strategy being related to parenting, education and support. Families were characterised as a location of conflict for many young men. They reported that early in their lives parents argued and violence occurred in the fami ly. It is important to develop programs to support families in a rapidly changing society where the structures and relationships are much not available to support parents with child rearing. Also, pre-school programs, including parenting interventions, have reduced some childrens anti-social behaviour and delinquency. A number of programs have been implemented in Australia based on these principles.The second is focusing on interventions during childhood and adolescents. Research suggests that the greatest likelihood of success results from programs implemented with children before they reach adolescence. Further, programs should target multiple risk factors, including those at the level of the community, the family, the school, and the individual/ peer, which contribute to youth violence. Interventions at this age can also reduce school-yard bullying. This is an encouraging area of research, as school-based programs that address antisocial behaviour and delinquency generally have found that parenting training and skills based training with children can be effective.Drug use amongst young men was a major issue and a cause for violence. People got involved in drug use due to peer pressure and the requirement to fit in, and youth spring up it without knowing the harm that would result from regular use. Intervention programs in the area of drugs are most effective when undertaken in the family setting. Young peoples involvement in drug and alcohol use usually results from peer influences. Alcohol plays a significant part in violence that occurs in and around hotels. Success has been demonstrated and repeated in a significant Australian study that aimed to reduce the level of violence related to alcohol in and around licensed premises. By reducing, promotional activities which had brought about binge drinking and high levels of drunkenness resulted in reduced levels of violence.Many youth have generally poor relationships with the police. Police need to develop an understanding of the youth culture and take young people seriously. Police also need to be more understanding and open minded on youth issues, which would lead to mutual respect. Fairness should be a part of encounters with police and in criminal justice procedures. The benefit of legitimate policing can be seen in the area of domestic violence where it has limited the amount of repeat offending. The process of policing may have implications for how people see themselves in the broader society, and may result in compliance if they are considered to share values.The most common reason that violence does occur amongst youths is wrath issues. Violence counselling or anger direction services can also assist young men to break the cycle of violence. A number of Australian anger management programs are in place to assist young men, although the successes of these are unclear. This area of intervention is in early stages of development where considerable attention is being devoted to program development. rede and mentoring programs have shown promising rewards. Multi-systemic therapy programs individually tailored for the particular needs of young offenders, which include family, peer, school, and community interventions, have been demonstrated to reduce the level of reoffending. There also appears to be an effect on reducing violence, as there was also a reduction in the frequency of hitting someone.When violence occurs in the family or when the young men felt explosive and possibly violent and a danger to others, they said they did not have anywhere to turn. The sixth violence prevention strategy is creating recreational and sporting areas for youth to go to if when they have nowhere else to turn to. Recreation and sport are legitimate ways to expend energy. Young men would benefit from accessing to sporting and recreational facilities, such as skating parks and bicycle tracks. The success of the introduction of recreational activities as a fashion of stoppi ng violence has not been assessed.The above policy responses are appropriate intervention strategies to help prevent young men from associating with violence. These policy responses are linked to one or more of the criminological theories in the juvenile justice system. The main criminological theories that are linked to these policy responses are the classical theory and individual choice the positivism and individual criminal behaviour and the sociological theories. While more than one of the response outlined are necessary in most instances, the policy response of parenting, education and support is one of better ones because it addressed the hierarchy of causes.A main reason that youths associate with violence is because they have not had a good upbringing in their homes. They have not had a pleasant and peaceful environment at home were family values and social norms are introduced and nurtured. Instead they grew up in a family which more than discouraged encouraged violence. D espite the fact that this policy response shows that it is difficult to introduce a program which demonstrates effectiveness in improving behaviour of adults, it in many ways assists young men in improving their own behaviour. It is important to develop programs to support families in a rapidly changing society where the structures and relationships are often not available to support parents (Cameron, 2000).This intervention has multiple factors and responded through specific projects and programs. However it did not identify and arrange the hierarchy of cause and responded to with a social structural change. Such structural change would include the families changing their behaviour, anger management and improving the relations with police, both sides taking responsibility and respecting each others rights and obligations. This should help eliminate all known factors of youth offending activates.The policy responses of the juvenile justice issue of young men and violence are closely linked to the criminological theories. However they are not addressing collectively the hierarchy of causes of violence of young men they are not linked to the wider politics of social change.REFERNCESCameron, M. (June 2000). Young men and Violence Prevention. Australian Institute of Criminolgy. No. 154.Chris, C White, R. puerile justice, youth and crime in Austrlalia. Third Edition.

Cases Against Mercer Canyons Inc

Cases Against Mercer canons IncABOUT THE COMPANYMercer Canyons Inc. is a private federation and operates as an agricultural firm. Located in Washington, the Firm provides carrot growing services to customers and has vineyards. Mercer Canyons also offers potatoes, grass seed, corn, garlic and organic products.CASES AGAINST COMPANYMercer Canyons, Inc.s has been filed with breach of contract regarding recruitment and hiring of doodly-squats in evidence 2014. in that respect are ii instances in which familiarity has been filed cases against. These areRuiz Torres v. Mercer Canyons, Inc. filed in March 2014Perez v. Mercer Canyons Inc. filed in January 2016First will look at the Ruiz Torres issue which is regarding the Disclosure of breeding and Underpayment of Jobs.RUIZ TORRES V. MERCER dejectionYONTHE H-2A CLEARANCE ORDERMercer Canyon belowtook the H-2A interim worker program which provides the domestic employers to hire workers from foreign country in order to fill their tem porary agricultural jobs. For an employer to hire workers under this program, it first needs to submit a proposal clearance order to the State Workforce Agency (in Washington State, the use Security Department (ESD)), for review. Once the clearance order is accepted by the Workforce Agency, the employer needs to file an application for H-2A certification. An employers petition can only be ap rotated if there are no sufficient topical anesthetic workers available. H-2A regulations asks employers to follow the duty, abide by the regulations and hire available topical anesthetic employees first.Mercer Canyon hired WAFLA to force out regarding the regulations of H-2A program. WAFLA- WA Farm Labor Association is a seasonal employers Premier HR association. WAFLA did all the procedures on behalf of Mercer Canyon. The clearance order was accepted and the company could employee the workers from March 24, 2013 to September 1, 2013 at $12.00 per hour. WAFLA assured that Mercer would compl y with the regulations of the H-2A program (CIRCUIT, 2016).DISCUSSING THE BREACHThere were 44 positions available under the H-2A program. Mercer hired only 22 domestic workers under the H-2A program. Among these, few were hired through WorkSource. WorkSource is and organization providing job referrals. Among the remaining 22 positions, Mercer hired only 19 foreign workers. These 19 workers arrived on May 2, 2013.Ruiz and Amador, the residents of Yakima soil applied to the company for work before the assume date of the clearance order. They were qualified U.S. workers and were eligible for work under clearance order. These workers filed a suit in 2014 against Mercer Canyon, alleging that the company did not disclose the reading regarding availability of higher- paying vineyard jobs under the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program and thereby misleading the local farm workers. Also, alleging that the company underpaid the domestic workers who were hired.On March 19, 2013, Amado r went to Mercer Canyons offices and was informed by the Mercer employee that no work was available and he was never informed about the vineyard laborer jobs availability under the H-2A clearance order. Amadors claim was right because Mercer hired 19 foreign workers even though local workers were available for the job (casetext, n.d.).Ruiz Torres worked as a vineyard laborer at Mercer Canyons in 2012. He came back to the company to work again in 2013 as a vineyard laborer pursuant(predicate) to the H-2A clearance order that paid $12 per hour. In his case, the company did not solicit his return as a vineyard laborer pursuant under H-2A clearance order and paid $9.88 per hour (casetext, n.d.).Judge Bastian certified an Inaccurate information cast and an Equal Pay subclass on April 8, 2015. The Inaccurate Information class, numbering approximately 600 individuals, includes the following membersAll domestic migrator and seasonal farm workers who 1) were employed as vineyard workers by Mercer Canyons in 2012 2) sought physical exertion at Mercer Canyons in 2013 between February 4 and June 15, 2013 or 3) performed vineyard work at Mercer Canyons between March 24 and September 15, 2013, and were not referred by WorkSource. deep down this class, Plaintiffs identified an Equal Pay subclass, of approximately 200 individuals. This subclass is comprised of the following membersAll domestic and seasonal farm workers who performed vineyard work between March 24 and September 15, 2013 for Mercer Canyons, were paid less than $12 per hour, and were not referred by WorkSource.The laborers were hired under the deceived workers class of certification which included following criteriaWorkers who were employed by the company on 2012Workers who sought employment at the company in 2013 before 50% of the Clearance Order Period elapsedWorkers who were hired at the company in 2013 prior to 50% of the Clearance Order Period and were not referred by WorkSourceThis workers complaint fell under the violation of provisions of three ActsViolating the clownish Workers Protection Act (AWPA)Violating the Washingtons Con substanceer Protection Act (CPA)Washington Wage LawUnder Agriculture Workers Protection Act, section 1831 relates to seasonal agriculture workers and section 1831 relates to migrant agriculture workers. These sections state thatNo farm labor contractor, agricultural employer, or agricultural association shall knowingly provide false or misleading information to any seasonal agricultural worker concerning the terms, conditions, or existence of agricultural employmentMERCER CANYONS TAKEMercer Canyons appealed the decision on several grounds, including that several members of the class office not have been adversely affected because they would have not been hired or they may have not been seeking different non-vineyard positions at the time.capital of South Carolina Legal Services Attorney Lori Isley said that this case is about an employer taking advanta ge of the workers working in farm and who have contributed to the company and the community. He added that if the employer wants to benefit by hiring workers from forign labor market, employer has to abide by the rules (Federal Court Grants Class Action Status for Farm Workers Against Mercer Canyons for Unfair unreal Practices Columbia Legal Services, 2015).HOW TO SOLVEConsidering the issue, two questions are believed to provide the solution of the litigations(1) Whether Mercer Canyons had a policy or practice to withhold information pertaining to H-2A jobs from job-seekers and current employees(2) Whether such withholding constituted providing false or misleading information concerning the existence of, or terms and conditions of, jobs . . . under the AWPA and CPA (CIRCUIT, 2016)Along with this a common question of Liability arises on the part of Mercer Canyon in the matter of disclosing the information on existence and pay-rate of the work under H-2A order. The individualized damages inquiries are common in the real-world scenario, especially in wage-and-hour disputes, and unremarkably do not defeat certification. The laborers in this case had claimed the total amount of damage i.e. damaged caused to all class of laborers, rather than the individual calculations. Thus, mercer was made conjectural to the damages caused.Mercer had failed to keep the adequate records on accounting of each employees. It is a drawback for the company because company cannot tape proof in the court. And the workers took the advantage of claiming an aggregate sum of money in the compensation.HOW DID MERCER SOLVE THE ISSUEThe case was first taken at the district court where the court certified an Inaccurate Information class and an Equal Pay subclass, corresponding to plaintiffs claims. Then the case was taken to the federal court, where federal court agreed with the decision of the district court. Thus, despite of efforts by Mercer Canyons to prove themselves, they lost in Fe bruary 2017 and decided to compensate $545,000 to the workers. A negligence on the part of the company lead it to pay a huge amount.WHAT NEXT CAN THEY DO TO BUID THE CONFIDENCEThe company made a big mistake of not keeping the accounting records, the first thing the company needs to start with is to start maintaining the records of people and pay. Maintaining records helps and serves as a proof in cases like this party needs to start abiding by the regulations of H-2A clearance order. And hence, hire the local employees first and pay proper wages.To ensure the confidence of the workers and other parties, company needs to have a proper communication among the parties regarding the issue. Explaining each party on what went wrong and what are the measures taken by the company to resolve the issue and make sure that such things does not arise in the future blazon out of business.Company needs to keep one supervisor to keep a track of workers working on wage-pay. The supervisor can ensur e on the workers enjoyment and can hear their problems. This would help the company solve any workers issue outside the court without getting into the companys reputation.PEREZ V MERCER CANYONOn January 28, 2016, few plaintiffs filed a complaint against Mercer Canyon with respect to Mercers recruitment. These plaintiffs claim that Mercer Canyon asked them to appear for the converse. After the interview, they were asked to wait until they call for the start date and the rug test. Because of this the plaintiffs did not look for other job opportunities because they felt that their job at Mercer was approved. After a month, Mercer informed them that they are not selected for the job. Similar cases happened with few of the plaintiffs. Another plaintiff got selected after the interview and was waiting for the drug test. But then Mercer informed her that she is not hired because she left specific skills. Mercer in a way breached the contract by indecorous communication.The proceedings o f this issue are yet to start. Mercer in this case does not abide by Good faith and Fair Dealings Standards. Mercer also excluded a class of people from being considered for an employment and thus engaged itself in Employment discrimination.Mercer Canyon should start gathering proper documents on its recruitment procedures to show proof in the court. It should also start gathering evidences and records. The company can also set the deal outside the court by making a negotiation with the plaintiffs.Both the cases look like one another in a way of miscommunication or employment discrimination. Because two cases are registered with the similar complaint, Mercer should centralize on its communication to the employees and other parties. It needs to hire good staff members who are responsible for the proper flow of information among the company and to outside members. Company needs high concentration in managing the present or potential workers.REFERENCES(2015, April 09). Retrieved from Federal Court Grants Class Action Status for Farm Workers Against Mercer Canyons for Unfair Deceptive Practices Columbia Legal Services http//www.columbialegal.org/Farmworker-Class-Action-Granted-Against-Mercer-Canyonscasetext. (n.d.). Retrieved from casetext https//casetext.com/case/perez-v-mercer-canyons-incCIRCUIT, U. S. (2016). RUIZ TORRES V. MERCER CANYONS. Washington.

The Euro :: essays research papers

The Euro has proven to have many advantages for the europiuman Union, putting them on the path for political solidarity. With the Euro comes the elimination of exchange-rate fluctuations, making the fluctuations of currency values across Europe a thing of the past. Price transparency is some other advantage of the Euro, which makes it easier to tell if the price of a product in one inelegant is contrary than the price of the same product in another country. This encourages competition between countries, mobilizing economies to grow and compete with each other in different markets. Transaction cost become much less of a burden to tourists and business people alike when they do not have to constantly exchange their currency from another country when traveling within the European Union. This saves both time and money, which encourages more travel between countries for tourists and business men/women. All of the advantages mentioned so far tin to the increased trade across borders also. Again, this boosts the economy of the countries within the European Union. With the European Union and its currency, the Euro, there is an increased cross-border callment. Businesses are more likely to employ and conduct business across different countries with the introduction of one currency. This means a person could work across the border in another country since the same currency is paid to employees across the European Union. There is an increase in the financial market stability with the introduction of the Euro across many countries as well. One currency means more stability across Europe and the members of the European Union. Inflation rates are decreased, as are the interest rates, to advance the growth of markets in these developing countries. Countries that wanted to become a part of the European Union had to shape up their economies, encouraging a growth in their markets, to keep up with the requirements of being a part of the European Union. The Euros position relative to the U.S. dollar and the potential political and economic consequences in dealing between the U.S. and the European Union are very important topics when discussing trade between these nations. First, the Euro is worth 135% of one U.S. dollar. This should make it clear that we have to cogitate on exporting more of our goods to the European Union and its members rather than buying (importing) more of their goods during this time.

Mondrian :: Essays Papers

Mondrian Everything was spotless white, like a laboratory. In a light smock, with his clean-shaven face, taciturn, clothing his heavy glasses, Mondrian seemed more a scientist or priest than an artist. The only relief to all the white were large matboards, rectangles in yellow, red and blue, hung in asymmetric arrangements on all the walls. Peering at me through his glasses, he noniced my glance and said Ive arranged these to make it more cheerful.Thus Charmion von Wiegand on Mondrians New York studio. In his genus Paris studio he had used flowers to make it more cheerful. One tulip in a vase, an artificial one, its leaves painted white.As Mondrian was probably incapable of irony, the tulip was unlikely to be a wry joke about his having had to produce flowerpieces between 1922 and 1925 when he no longer wanted to because there were no buyers for his abstracts. It could, of course, have been a visit for the agony a compromise of that sort must have cost him. More likely, it was si mply a part of the general revulsion against green and offshoot which made him, when seated at a table beside a window through which trees were visible to him, persuade someone to change places.The artificial tulip fitted in, of course, with the legend of the studio as laboratory or cell, the artist as scientist or anchorite. Mondrian felt it mattered that an artist should present himself in a manner appropriate to his artistic aims. A photograph of him taken in 1908 shows a bearded floppy-haired Victorian man of sensibility. A photograph of 1911 shows a twentieth-century technologist, cleanshaven with centre parting and brilliantined hair the spectacles were an required accessory. Soft and hairy becomes hard and smooth one of the great landscape-painters of his generation, one of the great flower-painters of his generation, comes to find trees monstrous, green fields intolerable.The loneliness of the artificial tulip with its painted leaves major power seem to suggest that flora were admitted grudgingly, one plant being the next best thing to none. But it probably meant the opposite of that - was probably a sign, not of Mondrians having become a different person, but of his having remained the same. When Mondrian had painted flowers, he almost invariably painted one chrysanthemum, one amaryllis, one tiger lily. His most own(prenominal) paintings of trees are paintings of one tree of architecture,